Hypnosis reaches the parts brain scans and neurosurgery cannot

The Guardian
30-09-2010
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Hypnosis reaches the parts brain scans and neurosurgery cannot

No longer a mere vaudeville routine, hypnosis is being used in labs to cast light on the innermost workings of the brain

Vaughan Bell blogs at Mind Hacks

Whenever AR sees a face, her thoughts are bathed in colour and each identity triggers its own rich hue that shines across her mind’s eye. This experience is a type of synaesthesia which, for about one in every 100 people, automatically blends the senses. Some people taste words, others see sounds, but AR experiences colour with every face she sees. But on this occasion, perhaps for the first time in her life, a face is just a face. No colours, no rich hues, no internal lights.

If the experience is novel for AR, it is equally new to science because no one had suspected that synaesthesia could be reversed. Despite the originality of the discovery, the technique responsible for the switch is neither the hi-tech of brain stimulation nor the cutting-edge of neurosurgery, but the long-standing practice of hypnosis.

The surprising reversal of AR’s synaesthesia was reported in a recent study by psychologist Devine Terhune and his colleagues at Lund University in Sweden. The researchers showed photos of colour-tinted faces to AR and asked her to identify the onscreen hue while electrical activity was measured from her brain using scalp electrodes.

When the colour of the onscreen face clashed with the colour that appeared in her mind’s eye, she reacted slowly, as if trying to read traffic lights through tinted glasses. Meanwhile, the electrical measurements showed her brain struggling to resolve the conflict.

But after hypnotic reversal, she glided through the colour naming, reacting as quickly as people without synaesthesia, and showing none of the tell-tale neurological signs of trying to resolve competing mental demands. Hypnosis had not only altered her experience but had modified the workings of specific brain pathways in ways that we cannot usually manage through conscious will alone.

In a growing number of labs around the world, hypnosis is being used as an experimental tool to allow researchers to temporarily unpick our normally integrated psychological responses to better understand the mind and brain.

Synaesthesia is an automatic psychological association that occurs only in a very few people, but we are blessed (and, indeed, cursed) with minds that mostly operate on autopilot. Take words, for example. As you read the words in this text, you are not consciously identifying each letter, joining them together in your head, and matching the collection to a memory of what it means, it just seems to happen automatically when you see each one.

In an analogy to AR’s colour-clash face task, if I ask you to name the colour that the word green is highlighted in, I hope you would say red. It turns out that you are slightly slower at naming the highlight colour when it clashes with the word (like in red, green and blue) than when the colours and the words match (as in red, green and blue) because we can’t decide not to read the words when we see them – it happens automatically – and this interferes with trying to name the ink colour.

This interference is known as the Stroop effect and, along with the normal brain responses that accompany it, have also been reversed with hypnosis by “switching off” automatic word reading.

If you’re not familiar with hypnosis, I suspect you might be entertaining visions of a Victorian gentleman in a three-piece suit swinging a pocket watch in a brain scanner, but there is no magic to the procedure – it simply requires that someone concentrates on your voice. Even the relaxation part has been found to be optional after an innovative study managed to hypnotise people while on exercise bikes.

Perhaps the most important thing to know about hypnosis is that not everyone is hypnotisable to the same extent: countless research studies have shown that we each differ in our susceptibility. Most people can experience their arm feeling light or heavy at someone else’s suggestion, a few less can feel as if movement is being prevented on command, and only a minority – about 10% of the population – experience changes in the workings of perception, memory and thought.

For those who are “low hypnotisable”, being hypnotised is often like listening to one of those slightly dull relaxation tapes that go on for too long, but for high hypnotisables, known as “virtuosos” in the scientific literature, the effects are compelling.

We don’t know why we have this tendency, but we do know it is partly genetic, that it’s influenced by specific genes, and has been linked to differences in the structure of the brain.

The trait seems to be normally distributed throughout the population and no reliable methods have been found to alter how hypnotisable we are. Most likely, some people have it, while others do not. This trait is usually described as “suggestibility” but it is nothing to do with gullibility or being easily led. People susceptible to hypnosis are not more naive, trusting or credulous than anyone else, but they do have the capacity to allow seemingly involuntary changes to their mind and body.

The key phrase here is that they “have the capacity to allow” because hypnosis cannot be used to force someone against their will. It’s a bit like watching an emotional movie. If you want, you can turn away, ignore what’s going on, or play sudoku in your head, but if you engage with the story you don’t consciously decide to feel joy or sadness as the story progresses, you just react. Hypnosis works in a similar way – some people just seem to have the capacity to get more “caught up in the story”.

When a suggestion is successful, the experience of it seeming to “happen on its own” is key and this is exactly what neuroscientists have been working with – by suggesting temporary changes to the mind that we wouldn’t necessarily be able to trigger on our own. In the case of the two experiments that managed to temporarily “switch off” the Stroop effect in highly hypnotisable people, the suggestion was that the words appeared as “meaningless symbols”. This avoided a clash between the colour and the word because the text suddenly appeared to be gibberish.

These studies have been useful because they have found that the brain’s system for resolving conflicting demands, part of our system for managing attention, seemed to go offline. Hypnotic virtuosos apparently have the capacity to put this system on standby when they need to, something that low hypnotisables lack. Neuroscientists Amir Raz and Jason Buhle suggest hypnosis is really when we allow suggestions to take over from our normally self-directed control of attention that deals with mental self-management, allowing science an exciting tool to “get under the hood” of the conscious mind.

As well as allowing us to better explore the nuts and bolts of the mind and brain, hypnosis is also being used to simulate experiences that normally cause people problems, such as hallucinations or loss of control over the body. Because the effects of suggestions are only temporary, hypnosis can be used to trigger these experiences without distress and for only a few minutes at a time. “Virtuosos” are now highly sought after for brain scanning experiments where researchers look at patterns of brain activity when, for example, they are asked to hear illusory music or feel as if they can’t move their hand.

Several research groups have shown that hypnosis seems to emulate these experiences very closely and that the effects on the brain are different from when participants are asked to fake or imagine the same thing – both important comparisons because we can’t tell just from what someone says that they are genuinely experiencing the effects (as parents of school-shy youngsters with mysteriously timed stomach aches could attest).

Our own research group is using hypnosis to simulate changes in control of the body, in part to examine whether similar brain processes are involved both in hypnosis and a condition called conversion disorder – where what seem to be neurological symptoms appear, like paralysis or blindness, despite there being no damage to the nervous system that could explain them.

So far, there seems to be similarity between the disorder and the effects of hypnosis in that the frontal lobe attention systems seem to be taking other brain areas offline. What we’re not sure of, is why this is only temporary in hypnosis but long-term in conversion disorder.

But perhaps even more mysterious is why we have the capacity to be hypnotised at all. As a species, about 10% of the population can have their reality profoundly altered simply by tuning in to suggestions made by someone else – something that is deeply weird when you think about it.

Virtuoso hypnotisability has never been reliably linked to any problems or difficulties and it has been suggested that, on the contrary, it actually reflects a more efficient control of the brain’s attention systems. It could be a side-effect of other benefits, but we still don’t have any good theories. If you have any suggestions, do let me know.

HEALING – After a childhood of trauma, local woman finds solace in hypnotherapy

Los Angeles Daily News
05-08-2009
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HEALING – After a childhood of trauma, local woman finds solace in hypnotherapy

Sasha Carrion will tell you from firsthand experience: It takes a lot of strength to overcome a lifetime of trauma.

But nearly 30 years after her mother disappeared – murdered, she believes, by her own father – the 32-year-old former Torrance resident has figured out a way to put the past behind her.

She did it through hypnosis.

“My whole life was absolutely centered on getting justice for my mother’s murder,” said Carrion, who was so moved by her emotional transformation that she became a hypnotherapist. “It had consumed me.”

Hypnosis, a process by which a person enters a state of deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility, helped Carrion heal by allowing her to let go of her past.

It wasn’t an easy past to relinquish.

Carrion’s life has been a series of struggles – tragic events that began 27 years ago when she awoke one day to find her mother, Rosa Maria Marquez, missing from their Bell Gardens home.

She was 5, and her parents were separated and in the process of getting a divorce.

“I remember calling out to my mom and she didn’t say anything,” said Carrion, now a stunning woman with deep brown eyes and coffee-color hair. “The next thing I remember is the cops were there.”

Carrion’s father, Raphael Marquez, whom Carrion described as abusive and volatile, was questioned about the disappearance but never arrested.

“The police were asking me questions,” said Carrion, who chose to take her mother’s maiden name. “My dad showed up and he quickly pushed me to the side and said, `Don’t tell them that I ever hit your mom or you.’ ”

Her father fled to Mexico shortly afterward, leaving Carrion and her 3-year-old sister in the care of their widowed grandmother.

Because her mother’s body was never found, police never categorized her disappearance as a murder. Consequently, Carrion wrestled with the possibility that perhaps her mother had left them.

“I knew it was either A, my father had killed my mother, or B, she had abandoned us,” Carrion said. “You can’t win with that. Either way you lose.”

Finding family
When Carrion was 19 and ready to face her past, her paternal uncle agreed to take her to her father.

They flew to Mexico, where had remarried and had two more children.

Shortly after their reunion, Carrion asked her father: “Did you kill my mother?”

He said no.

“He told me that she had left him for another man,” Carrion said. “I was so desperate for a family that I believed him.”

For almost a decade, she maintained a relationship with her father and his new family. She sent gifts. She visited often. Then one day, her uncle came to her with a confession.

“He told me, `I’m afraid if I die I’m going to have to face your mother on the other side,’ ” she said. “Then he tells me how my father killed my mother.”

Carrion suspected her uncle’s words were true.

“I called my father to confront him about this. He didn’t admit it; he just told me to (expletive) off.”

Carrion tried to get legal action taken against her father – she even got her story featured on the Web site of “America’s Most Wanted.”

But there was no evidence. No body. Nothing she could do. In 2007, her father died from a rare form of lymphoma and cirrhosis of the liver.

Carrion said she didn’t mourn.

“The moment he died, it was as if I was free,” she said. “I had that weight taken off my shoulders. It was to the point where it had completely taken over my life.”

Alleviating the pain
By that time, years of distress had taken its toll. Not yet 30, Carrion was suffering from a host of ailments including migraines, hair loss, stomach pains and backaches.

Doctors couldn’t help her, she said. Antidepressants didn’t work either.

It wasn’t until, on a whim, she decided to try hypnotherapy that she began to feel better.

“I was finally able to let go,” she said. “I felt better almost immediately.”

Carrion said becoming a hypnotherapist herself (at the time she had been working in the fashion industry) was a natural step.

Within months, she was certified by the International Hypnosis Federation and the Omni Hypnosis Training Center, the first accredited school of hypnosis.

She had found her calling.

“When I did my first class of hypnosis, it was huge,” said Carrion, who practices out of her home in Marina del Rey and an office in Redondo Beach. “They asked for volunteers, and every chance I could get I would put my hand up.”

How hypnosis works
For most people, hypnosis conjures images of swinging pendulums and sleeplike trances.

In reality, it is more aptly described as a state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility, during which the patient is completely aware of what he is doing and saying.

“There is a fear that with hypnosis you can make the client do whatever you want them to do, but it doesn’t work that way,” said Torrance psychiatrist Isabel Puri. “The person who is in control is the patient. At any point, if you want to stop the hypnotic state you can.”

Puri, who has a certificate in hypnotherapy, said hypnosis can be an effective treatment, particularly for mild depression and anxiety disorders.

“Typically, the milder disorders are more likely to respond to hypnotherapy,” she said. “That is because all hypnosis is actually self-hypnosis. Once you learn the techniques, you need to practice by yourself.”

Hypnotherapy is often used to help people stop smoking, lose weight and overcome phobias. It also has proven helpful, as in Carrion’s case, in overcoming trauma.

To break the trauma cycle, a hypnotherapist must replace negative thoughts with positive, reassuring thoughts and feelings.

“Sometimes it’s like being freed from a curse,” Carrion said.

That’s how it felt for “Joan.”

An Orange County attorney who preferred her real name not be used, Joan, 27, had been suffering from anxiety and panic attacks for several years before going to see Carrion.

“It was to the point where I literally could not eat in a restaurant, not even a Subway or McDonald’s,” she said. “Basic things like going grocery shopping and running errands was a struggle.”

Joan had heard about Carrion through a friend who had gone to see her. She said she was skeptical at first, but decided to give it a try.

It worked. After only two sessions, Joan said, she started feeling better. Carrion also taught her self-hypnosis, which she used at home.

“Right away, I noticed that I wasn’t as agitated,” Joan said. “Instead of going to the bad place where everything is a crisis, it’s more like, `Things are going to be OK. Things are fine. I’m in an appropriate amount of control.’ ”

Hypnotise your patient, surgeons told

The Guardian
07-06-2009
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Hypnotise your patient, surgeons told

Technique seen as alternative to general anaesthetic for certain operations

Doctors should be taught to hypnotise patients not to feel pain instead of using general anaesthetics during some operations, the Royal Society of Medicine will be told today.

In what he has described as a “clarion call to the British medical profession”, Professor David Spiegel, of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences at Stanford University in the US, will also call on the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice) to add hypnotherapy to its list of approved therapeutic techniques for the treatment of conditions ranging from allergies and high blood pressure to the pain associated with bone marrow transplantation, cancer treatment and anaesthesia for liver biopsy. Nice has already approved the technique for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.

“It is time for hypnosis to work its way into the mainstream of British medicine,” Spiegel will say at the joint conference of the Royal Society of Medicine, the British Society of Clinical and Academic Hypnosis and the British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis.

“There is solid science behind what sounds like mysticism and we need to get that message across to the bodies that influence this area. Hypnosis has no negative side-effects. It makes operations quicker, as the patient is able to talk to the surgeon as the operation proceeds, and it is cheaper than conventional pain relief. Since it does not interfere with the workings of the body, the patient recovers faster, too.

“It is also extremely powerful as a means of pain relief. Hypnosis has been accepted and rejected because people are nervous of it. They think it’s either too powerful or not powerful enough, but, although the public are sceptical, the hardest part of the procedure is getting other doctors to accept it.”

Professor Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, head of the Pain Clinic at Liege University Hospital in Belgium, who has operated on more than 6,000 patients using hypnosis combined with a light local anaesthetic, said: “The local anaesthetic is used only to deaden the surface of the skin while a scalpel slices through it. It has no effect inside the body.

“The patient is conscious throughout the operation and this helps the doctor and patient work together. The patient may have to move during an operation and it’s simple to get them to do so if they remain conscious. We’ve even done a hysterectomy using the procedure.”

The theory behind medical hypnosis is that the body’s brain and nervous system can’t always distinguish an imagined situation from a real occurrence. This means the brain can act on any image or verbal suggestion as if it were reality. Hypnosis puts patients into a state of deep relaxation that is very susceptible to imagery. The more vivid this imagery, the greater the effect on the body.

Dr Martin Wall, president of the Section Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine at the Royal Society of Medicine, said hypnosis fundamentally alters a subject’s state of mind. Hypnosis is not, he said, simply a matter of suggestibility and relaxation.

Nice said it would welcome submissions for hypnotherapy to be considered as an approved therapeutic technique on the NHS if it could be cost-effective, and consistent delivery could be guaranteed.

But Professor Steve Field, who chairs the Royal College of General Practitioners, said he was sceptical as to whether hypnotherapy could meet these standards.

“It is a useful tool used by some GPs and patients for relaxation, but I don’t think it is something that we should support being rolled out to all medical students and all doctors,” he said.

“We can’t call on the NHS to support it without there being a firm medical and economic basis, and I’m not convinced those have been proved to exist.”

Cognitive hypnotherapy

The Guardian
06-07-2008
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Cognitive hypnotherapy

Cognitive hypnotherapy provides overworked minds with the toolkit they need to fix their own stresses and strains. It is based on modern psychology and neuroscience and, don’t worry, there’s not a pendulum in sight …
Sun 6 Jul 2008 01.25 BST
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What is it?

Chances are, when you think of hypnotherapy, you either imagine a swinging pocket watch or a hapless audience member being made to cluck like a chicken on stage in the name of entertainment. Neither of these preconceptions is true. Cognitive hypnotherapy combines cognitive behavioural therapy and hypnosis with theories based on modern neuroscience.

We all go into natural hypnotic trances every day without even knowing it. It’s comparable to being so absorbed in a book or film that the hours seem to fly by, or being in a meeting where your mind has wandered. It is this natural state of mind that is used in cognitive hypnotherapy. You never lose control and are certainly never put under the control of anyone else. Practitioner Katie Abbott explains: “There are no over-the-top, annoying motivational speeches or long, arduous hours of difficult analysis. Cognitive hypnotherapy is just an extremely effective way of making positive change.”

Is there any evidence?

Controlled trials have shown that hypnosis can reduce anxiety (particularly before medical procedures), although there is still some doubt that the hypnotic state actually exists. In the past five years, however, scientific research has become more credible, thanks to the latest brain imaging technology; brain scans now prove that hypnotised subjects are more susceptible to hypnotic suggestion. In one study, volunteers were given hypnotic suggestions to “see in colour”. Scans showed that areas of the brain associated with colour perception were activated, even though the pictures they were looking at were black and white.

Where does it come from?

In the 18th century, Austrian doctor Franz Anton Mesmer used magnets to practise a form of hypnotism (hence “mesmerising”). His patients claimed they felt no pain while being treated under his trance. Mesmer was later dismissed as a charlatan, but his methods have since been investigated and developed into the form of hypnotherapy we know today.

In 2001, Trevor Silvester set up the Quest Institute (questinstitute.co.uk) and introduced the idea of combining hypnosis with cognitive behavioural therapy, tools from positive psychology, cognitive theory and neuro-linguistic programming.

Who can do it?

“We all see the world in different ways, so hypnotherapy works to readjust your particular frame of reference,” Abbott says. “There’s no one way to treat stress or to encourage relaxation, it all depends on the way you see things – your model of the world. As part of a session, the client is supplied with a toolkit for the mind. This enables them to use different tools to fix different mental states.”

So the theory is that everyone has the capacity to adopt new mental tools, and anyone can be hypnotised. The only prerequisite is to be open to the process.

What results can I expect?

Usually, cognitive hypnotherapy needs two or three sessions in which the foundations for change are effectively put in place, although you are likely to feel relaxed after just one session.

According to Katie Abbott: “Most people report a change after their first meeting. It’s a change of mindset, the move towards a goal. Hypnotherapy can teach you how to control your body’s responses and reactions, and anchor you in calm when you become worried.”

Contra-indications

The hypnotic state is not dangerous, but people with severe depression, psychosis or epilepsy should consult their doctor before seeing a hypnotherapist.

How was it for you?

Kate Abbott (worrier)

I never thought hypnotherapy would be the thing to calm me down, but that’s what Katie Abbott has done for me, Kate Abbott. As I approached the treatment room, I panicked. What if I actually do lose my (self-diagnosed as endearing) neuroses? Or, scarier still: what if my namesake steals my identity?

But as soon as I was ushered into Katie’s Harley Street haven, I realised she wasn’t going to brainwash me like the horror movie reel running through my mind. The session started with a simple chat. We discussed our goal of relaxation versus my reality as a worrier. What followed was an hour of gentle conversation that induced a state of complete calm.

Throughout the session, I was unsure if I was “hypnotised” or just had a case of the cathartics, but I submitted entirely, visualising my past, present and future from a different perspective (“It’s OK not to be perfect”, I tell my 11-year-old self).

The result of this enlightening delve into my personal timeline is the self-hypnosis that I now practise at home. Katie asked me to concentrate on the present moment and to call to mind three things I could hear, three things I could see and three things I think about regularly, and comment on them. As I told Katie about he-who-shall-not-be-named, any angst I’ve ever experienced about relationships, past or imminent, eased off.

I didn’t care when I stumbled out on to Oxford Street moments after my session (I have been known to cry in the face of teeming crowds), and I didn’t experience so much as a sweaty palm onboard a plane the next day. I was in control, calm and confident.

Hypnosis helps doctors zero in on kids’ seizures

Stanford Medicine
12-02-2008
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Hypnosis helps doctors zero in on kids’ seizures

It was no way for an 11-year-old to live. For a month the boy had endured daily episodes of uncontrollable jerking and foaming at the mouth, and his physicians at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital were concerned that the boy had epilepsy. Before starting the boy on a lifetime of antiseizure medications, though, they turned to an unconventional diagnostic tool: hypnosis.

‘Children are highly suggestible and they have great imaginations,’ said Packard Children’s child psychiatrist Richard Shaw, MD. ‘We’ve found that if we suggest that they are going to have one of their events while they are in a hypnotic trance, they will usually have one.’

But wait. Aren’t physicians supposed to try to STOP seizures rather than searching for new ways to cause them? In a word, yes. But in order to treat seizures effectively, doctors must learn which parts of the brain are causing the trouble. Many children who seem to be having epileptic seizures are actually having an involuntary physical reaction to psychological stress in their lives. These events require a vastly different treatment than do true epileptic seizures.

The only way to pinpoint the true cause is to monitor the child’s brain activity during an event. Connecting a panel of electrodes to a child’s scalp is relatively easy and painless. Conducting a ‘seizure watch’ of indefinite length is another matter.

‘It’s very difficult for parents to spend three or four days in the hospital hoping their child has a seizure,’ said Packard Children’s chief of pediatric neurology, Donald Olson, MD. ‘It puts them in a very uncomfortable place emotionally.’ Furthermore, some hospitalized children, removed from the very stressors that may be causing the events, never have a seizurelike event.

Hypnosis can speed the process considerably, said Shaw and Olson. Together with former medical student Neva Howard, they tested the procedure on nine children between the ages of 8 to 16 whose seizurelike events included twitching, loss of consciousness, shaking, jerking and falling. Their results were published online in January in Epilepsy & Behavior. The physicians needed to know whether these were true epileptic events, which are best treated by medication, or nonepileptic events caused by psychological stress or other neurological problems.

‘We can’t always distinguish epileptic from nonepileptic events visually, or through descriptions by family or friends,’ said Olson, an associate professor of neurology, of neurosurgery and of pediatrics at the School of Medicine. ‘But regardless of the cause, these are disabling, life-altering events that need to be treated.’

The authors believe that, although hypnosis may not work for every child, the technique is an important tool that can speed proper diagnosis and treatment for children suffering from seizurelike events.

To hypnotize the subjects, Shaw, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and of pediatrics at the School of Medicine, first used a combination of deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation to induce a state of relaxation and deep focused attention in the subjects. He then used a combination of imagery and suggestion to induce one of their typical seizurelike events. Children typically visualize being at one of their favorite places – for one teen, it was on a beach in the Bahamas. After a hypnotic trance was established, Shaw would then direct the child to recall the feelings or events that usually precede a typical seizure. Electrodes on the child’s scalp recorded their brain activity during the session.

In eight out of nine cases, Shaw could successfully trigger a seizurelike event with this procedure. After an appropriate monitoring interval, Shaw then directed the hypnotized child to ‘return’ to his or her favorite place and the episode would stop. Using this technique, the physicians found that all eight of the subjects were experiencing nonepileptic events.

‘We had a number of clues that these particular children might not have epilepsy,’ said Olson, ‘but hypnosis helped us confirm our suspicions.’ Physicians begin to suspect causes other than epilepsy if an individual has a variety of episodes, if the person’s cognition is unaffected despite frequent seizures or if the person has a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis.

Were the kids in the study relieved to find they didn’t have epilepsy? ‘Yes and no,’ said Shaw. ‘It’s important to explain very clearly that although these events are psychologically based, they are completely out of a child’s control.’ He and Olson compare the events, which are a type of condition called conversion disorder, to other well-known ways that stress and emotions affect other bodily functions, such as migraines, ulcers and blushing.

Stanford is part of an ongoing multicenter study of these nonepileptic events to better understand their causes and possible treatments. For now, Shaw often couples psychotherapy with self-hypnosis lessons to teach children how to avoid the events.

‘When they’re feeling out of control, this is a tool they can use. They know that they were able to ‘turn off’ an event during the initial hypnosis, and that gives them confidence to try it themselves,’ said Shaw.

In general, people are growing more comfortable with the idea of hypnosis in a medical setting, said Olson. ‘The first reaction of many people may be to equate hypnosis with some sort of black magic. But once we explain the reasons and benefits, they’re very accepting.’

Hypnotherapy Aids in Smoking Cessation Efforts

BBC News
22-11-2007
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Hypnotherapy Aids in Smoking Cessation Efforts

November 22, 2007 — Hypnotherapy is emerging as a promising method for helping smokers quit, according to new research and expert insights. The technique, which uses guided relaxation and focused attention, aims to alter the smoker’s mindset and reduce cravings.

Dr. Michael Roberts, a hypnotherapist and researcher at the University of Manchester, has been studying the effects of hypnosis on smoking cessation. “Our studies suggest that hypnotherapy can significantly increase the success rates of those attempting to quit smoking,” he said.

In a recent study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology, patients who underwent hypnotherapy sessions were twice as likely to quit smoking compared to those who used other methods such as nicotine patches or medication.

One success story is Mark Johnson, a 45-year-old businessman, who had been smoking for over 20 years. “I tried everything from patches to gum, but nothing worked,” he said. “Hypnotherapy was my last resort, and it worked. I haven’t smoked in over a year.”

Despite these successes, hypnotherapy remains a controversial topic within the medical community. Some critics argue that the placebo effect might play a significant role in the perceived benefits of hypnosis.

Dr. Roberts acknowledges the need for more research but believes in the potential of hypnotherapy. “While we need more large-scale studies, the evidence we have so far is promising,” he said. “Hypnotherapy could become a valuable tool in the fight against smoking.”

A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Hypnosis Intervention to Control Side Effects in Breast Surgery Patients

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
05-09-2007
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A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Hypnosis Intervention to Control Side Effects in Breast Surgery Patients

Background
Breast cancer surgery is associated with side effects, including postsurgical pain, nausea, and fatigue. We carried out a randomized clinical trial to test the hypotheses that a brief presurgery hypnosis intervention would decrease intraoperative anesthesia and analgesic use and side effects associated with breast cancer surgery and that it would be cost effective.

Methods
We randomly assigned 200 patients who were scheduled to undergo excisional breast biopsy or lumpectomy (mean age 48.5 years) to a 15-minute presurgery hypnosis session conducted by a psychologist or nondirective empathic listening (attention control). Patients were not blinded to group assignment. Intraoperative anesthesia use (i.e., of the analgesics lidocaine and fentanyl and the sedatives propofol and midazolam) was assessed. Patient-reported pain and other side effects as measured on a visual analog scale (0–100) were assessed at discharge, as was use of analgesics in the recovery room. Institutional costs and time in the operating room were assessed via chart review.

Results
Patients in the hypnosis group required less propofol (means = 64.01 versus 96.64 μg; difference = 32.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.95 to 61.30) and lidocaine (means = 24.23 versus 31.09 mL; difference = 6.86; 95% CI = 3.05 to 10.68) than patients in the control group. Patients in the hypnosis group also reported less pain intensity (means = 22.43 versus 47.83; difference = 25.40; 95% CI = 17.56 to 33.25), pain unpleasantness (means = 21.19 versus 39.05; difference = 17.86; 95% CI = 9.92 to 25.80), nausea (means = 6.57 versus 25.49; difference = 18.92; 95% CI = 12.98 to 24.87), fatigue (means = 29.47 versus 54.20; difference = 24.73; 95% CI = 16.64 to 32.83), discomfort (means = 23.01 versus 43.20; difference = 20.19; 95% CI = 12.36 to 28.02), and emotional upset (means = 8.67 versus 33.46; difference = 24.79; 95% CI = 18.56 to 31.03). No statistically significant differences were seen in the use of fentanyl, midazolam, or recovery room analgesics. Institutional costs for surgical breast cancer procedures were $8561 per patient at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Patients in the hypnosis group cost the institution $772.71 less per patient than those in the control group (95% CI = 75.10 to 1469.89), mainly due to reduced surgical time.

Conclusions
Hypnosis was superior to attention control regarding propofol and lidocaine use; pain, nausea, fatigue, discomfort, and emotional upset at discharge; and institutional cost. Overall, the present data support the use of hypnosis with breast cancer surgery patients.

Don’t worry, get therapy

The Guardian
20-05-2006
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Don’t worry, get therapy

He used to be a TV hypnotist. Now, together with an American self-help maestro, Paul McKenna makes business people more successful. Jon Ronson joins the devotees at a conference – but can he be cured of his one big phobia?

The following correction was printed in the Guardian’s Corrections and clarifications column, Monday May 29 2006

In the article below we described NLP, or Neurolinguistic Programming, as the invention of Richard Bandler. The co-creator was John Grinder, with whom Bandler developed NLP modelling and co-wrote the book Transformations.

It is a Friday in April, and you’d think some crazy evangelical faith healing show was taking place in the big brown conference room of the Ibis hotel in Earl’s Court, west London. The music is pumping and the 600 delegates are ecstatic. It’s true there are lots of damaged people here who have come to be healed, but this is no faith healing show. The speakers are atheists. And the audience is full of people from British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, British Gas, BT, Bupa, Dixons, the Department for Work and Pensions, Ladbrokes and Transport for London. These people have come to learn how to be better in the workplace. Lots of them tell me they signed up because of the TV star Paul McKenna, but the great revelation is the other speaker – the man they hadn’t heard of. Now the audience is jumping to its feet, cheering. I look behind me. I see him passing through the crowd, looking like Don Corleone, square-jawed and inscrutable – it’s the other speaker, Richard Bandler.

Of all the gurus who thrived during the Californian New Age gold rush of the 1970s, Bandler has by far the biggest influence, on millions of people, most of whom know nothing about him or his extraordinary past. These days, nobody bothers much with naked hot tub encounter sessions or primal screaming or whatever. But Bandler’s invention – NLP (Neurolinguistic Programming) – is everywhere.

The NLP training manual we delegates have been handed is a confusing mix of psychobabble and diagrams marked “submodalities” and “kinesthetics”, etc. But from what I can gather, NLP is a way of “re-patterning” the human brain to turn us into super-beings – confident, non-phobic, thin super-beings who could sell coals to Newcastle and know what people are thinking just by their eye movements. It is the theory that we are computers and can be reprogrammed as easily as computers can. You were abused as a child? Forget therapy: just turn off the bit of the brain that remembers the abuse. You want to become a great salesperson? NLP will reprogram you. Our winks, our ticks, our seemingly insignificant choice of words – they all make up a map of our innermost desires and doubts: read the customer and make the sale.

Some people hail the way NLP has seeped into training programmes in businesses across the world. Others say terrible things about NLP. They say it is a cult invented by a crazy man.

I first heard of Bandler in 2002, when a former US special forces soldier told me he’d watched him, two decades earlier, bring a tiny girl into special forces and reprogram her in seconds to be a world-class sniper. Intrigued, I tried to learn more. This is when I heard about the good times, how Bandler’s theories were greeted with high praise in the 70s and 80s, how Al Gore and Bill Clinton and practically every Fortune 500 corporate chief declared themselves fans. And then there was the descent into the dark side – reportedly, during the 80s, a coked-up Bandler had a habit of telling people he could dial a number and have them killed just like that. Then came the murder trial: in 1988, Bandler was tried and acquitted of murdering a prostitute, Corine Christensen. She’d been found slumped over a dining table, a bullet in her head. Her blood was found sprayed on Bandler’s shirt. And then there was the renaissance in the form of Bandler’s unexpected partnership with the TV hypnotist Paul McKenna, and the fact that they were going to be teaching a course together this week at the Ibis hotel.

Earlier that day, I had coffee with Sue Crowley. She’s been friends with McKenna for years, since the days he was touring regional theatres making people think they were kangaroos. Before that he had been a DJ – at Topshop, then Radio Caroline and, finally, Capital Radio. Back then, the idea that he’d one day hook up with Bandler would have seemed as likely as Doctor Fox becoming business partners with L Ron Hubbard. But, Sue said, “Paul was like a dog with a bone when he first learned of Richard. He studied him at seminars. He modelled Richard like nobody’s ever modelled anyone before.”

Modelling, invented by Bandler, is a practice at the heart of NLP. This is how McKenna describes it: “If someone’s got a skill that you want to master, you ‘model’ that skill so you can learn to do what they do in a fraction of the time it took them. Say someone’s a master salesperson – they’ll be doing certain things with their body, and certain things with their language. So you ‘model’ that. Study it, break it down, work out the thinking behind it.”

Sue said McKenna was incredibly nervous about approaching Bandler to suggest they go into business together. Since he finally did, in 1994, NLP has – thanks to McKenna’s skills – become bigger than ever, a vast empire that’s making everyone millions. And McKenna no longer goes on the road with his hypnotism show.

“Paul is an unexpected protege of Richard’s,” Sue said. “The squeaky clean DJ and the… uh…” She paused, not knowing which bits of the Richard Bandler story to mention, in case I didn’t know the full extent of the horror. “The… uh… Hell’s Angel, up for God knows what, CIA… But Richard Bandler is a Leonardo of our times. He is one of our living greats.”

Purple Haze booms through the speakers and Bandler climbs on to the stage. He hushes the crowd. They sit down. I am momentarily lost in my thoughts and remain standing.

“Are – you – going – to – sit – down – now?” hisses a voice in my ear. I jump. It is one of Paul McKenna’s assistants. I hurriedly sit down.

“I marched up the Amazon,” Bandler tells the audience. “I threatened gurus to get them to tell me their secrets. They’re pretty cooperative when you hold them over the edge of the cliff.”

There is laughter.

“There was one Indian guru,” Bandler continues, “I was holding him over the edge of a cliff, I said to him, ‘My hand is getting tired. You have seven seconds to tell me your secrets.’ Well, he told me them fast, and in perfect English!”

I have to say that, had I been tried for murder, I would be less forthcoming with the murder gags. Practically every one of Bandler’s jokes are murder, or at least violent crime-related. I hope – when I finally get to meet him – to ask about the murder trial, although I’m nervous at the prospect.

Suddenly, we hear a loud noise from somewhere outside. “A ghost,” Bandler says. “I do have ghosts that follow me around. And they’re angry ghosts. But I don’t care. The truth is, the ghosts are more afraid of me than I am of them.”

He is mesmerising. Two hours pass in a flash. He talks about childhood trauma. He puts on a whiny voice: “When I was five, I wanted a pony… my parents told me I was ugly…’ Shut the fuck up!” He gets the audience to chant it: “Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up!”

If you hear voices in your head, he says, tell the voices to shut the fuck up. “If you suffered childhood abuse, don’t go back and relive it in your mind. Once is enough!” He says psychotherapy is nonsense and a racket: therapists are rewarded for failure. The longer a problem lasts, the more the therapist is paid. Who cares about the roots of the trauma? “Don’t think about bad things!” Bandler says. “There’s a machine inside your brain that gets rid of shit that doesn’t need to be there. Use it! I can give myself amnesia. I can just forget.” He clicks his fingers. “Just like that.”

This seven-day course is costing the 600 delegates £1,500 each. Which means McKenna’s company will rake in £1m for this one week’s work – the tea and biscuits may be free, but we have to buy our own lunch. For all the hero worship of McKenna and Bandler, there’s still a lot of grumbling about this, especially because, whenever we shuffle out into the rain to try to find somewhere to eat in this crappy part of town, we’re compelled to traipse past McKenna’s chauffeur-driven silver Bentley, number plate 75PM, waiting to swish Bandler off somewhere unimaginably fancier.

It is lunchtime now. I walk past the Bentley. A delegate sidles up to me. “You’re a very naughty boy!” she says. “Richard will be very cross with you!”

“What?” I practically yell.

“You kept writing when Richard was talking even though you knew you weren’t supposed to!” she says. “And you didn’t have a smile on your face. Everyone was laughing, but you were scowling.”

I missed yesterday’s session, which is perhaps why everyone is so far ahead of me in the frenzied adoration stakes. In fact, earlier today Bandler said he had no unhappy clients. His exact words were, “The reason why all my clients are a success is that I killed all the ones who weren’t.”

He and McKenna have made particular headway in the business world. In fact, Ian Aitken, managing director of McKenna’s company, says the individuals looking for a cure for their phobias are now in the minority. I ask him what is it about NLP that attracts salespeople. Bandler, he replies, teaches that everyone has a dominant way of perceiving the world, through seeing, hearing or feeling. If a customer says, “I see what you mean,” that makes them a visual person. The NLP-trained salesperson will spot the clue and establish rapport by mirroring the language.

“I get the picture,” the NLP-trained salesperson can reply, rather than “That rings a bell”, or “That feels good to me”.

After lunch, we split into small groups to practise NLP techniques on each other. I pair up with Vish, who runs a property company in the Midlands. “What did I miss yesterday?” I ask.

He is mesmerising. Two hours pass in a flash. He talks about childhood trauma. He puts on a whiny voice: “When I was five, I wanted a pony… my parents told me I was ugly…’ Shut the fuck up!” He gets the audience to chant it: “Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up!”

If you hear voices in your head, he says, tell the voices to shut the fuck up. “If you suffered childhood abuse, don’t go back and relive it in your mind. Once is enough!” He says psychotherapy is nonsense and a racket: therapists are rewarded for failure. The longer a problem lasts, the more the therapist is paid. Who cares about the roots of the trauma? “Don’t think about bad things!” Bandler says. “There’s a machine inside your brain that gets rid of shit that doesn’t need to be there. Use it! I can give myself amnesia. I can just forget.” He clicks his fingers. “Just like that.”

This seven-day course is costing the 600 delegates £1,500 each. Which means McKenna’s company will rake in £1m for this one week’s work – the tea and biscuits may be free, but we have to buy our own lunch. For all the hero worship of McKenna and Bandler, there’s still a lot of grumbling about this, especially because, whenever we shuffle out into the rain to try to find somewhere to eat in this crappy part of town, we’re compelled to traipse past McKenna’s chauffeur-driven silver Bentley, number plate 75PM, waiting to swish Bandler off somewhere unimaginably fancier.

It is lunchtime now. I walk past the Bentley. A delegate sidles up to me. “You’re a very naughty boy!” she says. “Richard will be very cross with you!”

“What?” I practically yell.

“You kept writing when Richard was talking even though you knew you weren’t supposed to!” she says. “And you didn’t have a smile on your face. Everyone was laughing, but you were scowling.”

I missed yesterday’s session, which is perhaps why everyone is so far ahead of me in the frenzied adoration stakes. In fact, earlier today Bandler said he had no unhappy clients. His exact words were, “The reason why all my clients are a success is that I killed all the ones who weren’t.”

He and McKenna have made particular headway in the business world. In fact, Ian Aitken, managing director of McKenna’s company, says the individuals looking for a cure for their phobias are now in the minority. I ask him what is it about NLP that attracts salespeople. Bandler, he replies, teaches that everyone has a dominant way of perceiving the world, through seeing, hearing or feeling. If a customer says, “I see what you mean,” that makes them a visual person. The NLP-trained salesperson will spot the clue and establish rapport by mirroring the language.

“I get the picture,” the NLP-trained salesperson can reply, rather than “That rings a bell”, or “That feels good to me”.

After lunch, we split into small groups to practise NLP techniques on each other. I pair up with Vish, who runs a property company in the Midlands. “What did I miss yesterday?” I ask.

Finally, exhausted, I reach McKenna. I introduce myself and ask him, “How did you end up in business with Richard Bandler?”

“I know!” he says. “It seems incredible from the outside. But he’s one of my best friends…” Then he excuses himself to do a spot of speed healing on an overeater.

An hour later, McKenna’s PR, Jaime, tells me in the corridor quite sternly that I am not to hang out with Paul or Richard before, between or after sessions, because they’re far too busy and tired. I can meet them next Wednesday, she says, when the course is over.

I go home. I don’t think I have ever, in all my life, had so many people try to keep me in order in one single day. Advocates and critics alike say attaining a mastery of NLP can be an excellent way of controlling people, so I suppose the training courses attract that sort of person. Ross Jeffries, author of How To Get The Women You Desire Into Bed, is a great NLP fan, as is Duane Lakin, author of The Unfair Advantage: Sell With NLP! (Both books advocate the “that feels good to me” style of mirroring/rapport building invented by Bandler.) But still, the controlling didn’t work on me. Nobody successfully got inside my head and changed – for their benefit – the way I saw NLP. In fact, quite the opposite happened. This makes me wonder if NLP even works.

Emails and telephone calls fly back and forth. I tell Jaime the PR that I don’t want to be kept away from Bandler during the sessions. Finally, it is agreed I can meet him before he goes on stage on Monday.

Over the days that follow, things start to improve. I corner McKenna and tell him his assistants are driving me crazy. “You have to make them leave me alone,” I say. He looks mortified, and says they’re just overexcited and trying too hard. But, he adds, the course would be a lot worse without them energising the stragglers into practising NLP techniques on one another.

On stage, Bandler and McKenna cure a stream of delegates of their phobias and compulsions. There’s a woman who’s barely left her home for years, convinced the heater will turn itself on when she’s out and burn down the house.

“Do they pay you to think like this?” asks Bandler. “It seems like an awful lot of work. Aren’t you fucking sick of it?”

The woman says a bossy voice in her head tells her the heater will do this.

Bandler gets her to turn down the knob in her brain that controls the volume of the bossy voice. Then he gets the bossy voice to tell her, “If you keep worrying about this heater, you’re going to miss out everything good in your life.” This, Bandler says, is an invention of his called the Swish technique: you take a bad thought, turn it into a radio or TV image, and then swish it away, replacing it with a good thought.

“I don’t care about you any more, heater, because I want to get my life back,” the woman says, and the audience cheers.

I still don’t quite understand the Swish technique, so I make a mental note to get McKenna to do it on me when I meet him at his house on Wednesday. I have a whole potpourri of bad thoughts I wouldn’t mind swishing away.

Yesterday, Bandler cured someone who had a fear of doctors. Now he gets him to stand up. “Are you scared of going to the doctor?” he asks.

“I… uh… hope not,” the man replies quietly.

“Boo!” shouts the audience, only half-good-naturedly.

Suddenly, I feel a poke in my elbow. I spin around. It is Vish. I catch him in the act of giving my elbow a second poke. “Did that make you feel good?” he asks.

“It made me feel confused.”

When someone appears cured, Bandler and McKenna seem quietly, sincerely thrilled. And the room truly is scattered with NLP success stories. There are the shy salespeople who aren’t shy any more, the arachnophobes who swish away their spider phobias and stroke the tarantulas that McKenna provides one afternoon.

On stage, McKenna is a mix of entertainer and college lecturer. He tells a joke and then says, “What was I just doing?”

“Reframing!” the audience yell as one. (Reframing is NLP’s way of putting a miserable person in a good mood. If someone says, “My wife’s always nagging me”, the NLP-trained therapist will “reframe” by replying, “She must really care about you to tell you what she thinks.”) It’s obvious that making people think they were kangaroos was never going to be enough for McKenna. This is what he loves: being a boffin. A multimillionaire boffin.

I sit in the audience and watch all this, and back at home in the evenings I talk to friends who, it transpires, secretly listen to McKenna’s CDs and get cured. I still don’t know how it works. Maybe it’ll become clear when I ask him to cure me on Wednesday.

There’s another speaker here, the life coach Michael Neill, who asks me if I can spot the covert intelligence officers in the audience. “I’m not joking,” he says. “There’s always one or two… Most people who want to get inside your brain,” says Michael, moving closer, “have negative reasons.”

McKenna, standing nearby, comes over. He scans the room. When the 600 delegates graduate in a few days, they’ll be given Licensed NLP Practitioner certificates. Some will set up their own NLP training schools. He says he cannot guard against what happens next.

“Some people teach NLP in a way that makes it sound highly manipulative and coercive,” McKenna says. “You know, ‘I will give you power over others.’ And the people who end up going to those are people with very small penises, frankly. People who think, ‘Oh my God! I’m not enough! I’m so out of control! Maybe if I learned how to have power over other, I’ll be a better person!’ So, you see, criticising NLP is like criticising a hammer.”

I tell him I’ve read terrible things about NLP on the internet – that some scientists call it nonsense – and he says, “I know it’s not scientific. Some of the techniques will not always work in the same way in a laboratory every time!” He laughs. “But Louis Pasteur was accused of being in league with the devil. The Wright brothers were called fraudsters…”

On Monday, I spot Bandler by the stage, surrounded by fans. “Wow,” he says as a woman hands him a rare copy of his book, Transformations. “That goes for, like, $600 on eBay.”

“That’s where I got it,” the woman says. He autographs it.

Everything is going fine until someone hands Bandler a blank piece of paper to sign. “What’s this?” he asks. “I just don’t sign blank paper.” He pauses. “I have a thing about it.”

Misunderstanding, the woman hands him different blank paper. “No, no,” he says. “I just can’t sign blank paper.”

Some of the fans laugh, as if to say, “How can you hand him blank paper after he’s just told you he doesn’t sign blank paper? Are you nuts to expect him to sign blank paper?”

But, really, it is a strange moment: Bandler has just spent the past few days convincing us that phobias are nonsense, and here he is, phobic about signing blank paper.

The moment passes. A woman kisses him and says, “From one child of the 60s to another.”

Bandler laughs and replies, “They called us the fringe. We’re fucking mainstream now!”

Then I introduce myself, and we go upstairs.

Richard Bandler was born in 1950. He grew up in a rough part of New Jersey. I don’t expect him to talk much about his childhood because several profiles say he never does. The one thing known for sure is that he had language problems, and barely spoke until he was a teenager. So I’m surprised when he says, “I was a compulsive kid.”

I’m sitting on a low sofa. He’s standing above me.

“When I was a kid, I took up archery,” he says. “I can remember sitting out by the side of the house until 3am, with just a little light bulb, shooting at a fucking target, over and over until I got it exactly the way it was supposed to be.”

“Where did your compulsiveness come from?” I ask.

“From being alone most of the time. I had to be self-motivated. My mother was always out working, and my father was violent and dangerous.” He pauses. “Well, my first father was gone by the time I was five, and he was very violent. My mother later married a guy who was a drunk and a prize fighter in the navy. He was very violent – broke a lot of my bones. But in the end I won.”

“How?” I ask, expecting him to say something like, “Look at me now, I’m getting driven around in a Bentley.”

But instead he says, “I electrocuted him.”

“Really?” I say.

“I didn’t kill him,” he says, “but I could have.”

“How did you electrocute him?” I ask.

“I waited until it was raining,” he says. “I got a wire-mesh doormat. I stripped a lamp cord, put it underneath the doormat, put the other end in the keyhole and put my hand on the switch. When the key went in, I clicked the switch. There was a loud scream. He went over the railing. Six months in hospital.”

“How old were you?” I ask.

“Ten,” he says.

I remember his advice for people who suffered childhood abuse: “Just forget about it.” Tell the voices to “shut the fuck up”. Is NLP Bandler’s way of avoiding confronting the demons of his past? Or perhaps it’s the opposite – why else would he spend his life mapping the crazy ways people behave, if not to try and understand the senselessness of his own childhood? I ask him this. He shrugs, then replies, “I don’t think too much about my childhood. I just left it behind me. I moved on.”

The family moved to California, where Bandler became “a juvenile delinquent. Then I discovered it wasn’t the Harley that was scaring people. It was the look in the eye.”

He was diagnosed as a sociopath. “And, yeah, I am a little sociopathic. But my illusions were so powerful, they became real – and not just to me.” He says NLP came to him in a series of hallucinations while he was “sitting in a little cabin, with raindrops coming through the roof, typing on my manual typewriter”. This was 1975. By then he was a computer programmer, a 25-year-old graduate of the University of Santa Cruz.

It’s surprising to me that Bandler would cheerfully refer to NLP as a sociopathic hallucination that struck a chord with the business world. I’m not sure he’s ever been that blunt about it before. But I suppose, when you think about it, there is something sociopathic about seeing people as computers who store desires in one part of the brain and doubts in another.

“See, it’s funny,” he says. “When you get people to think about their doubts, notice where their eyes move. They look down! So, when salespeople slide that contract in, suddenly people feel doubt, because that’s where all the doubt stuff is.”

“So where should a salesperson put the contract?” I ask.

“They’ve got to buy themselves a clipboard!” he says. “When you ask people to think about things that are absolutely right for them, they look up! So you put the contract on a clipboard and present it to them up here!” Actually, the idea of a salesperson thrusting a contract right into my face seems pretty scary, too, but these were the kinds of ideas Bandler was typing in Santa Cruz at the age of 25. The book would eventually be co-written with linguistics professor John Grinder and published under the title The Structure Of Magic.

Throughout the interview, I’m sitting on a low sofa with Bandler standing above me. Something suddenly dawns on me. “If I was standing and you were sitting,” I ask, “would I be forming different opinions of you?”

“Yeah,” he says, “of course.”

“So, are you deliberately positioning yourself in my hopes and desires eyeline?” I ask.

There’s a silence. Bandler smiles to himself. “No,” he says. “My leg hurts. That’s why I’m standing up.”

The Structure Of Magic was a huge hit. “Time magazine, Psychology Today, all of these people started seeking me out in Santa Cruz,” he says. “And I started getting interest from places I really didn’t expect, like IBM.” He designed sales training programmes for businesses across the US. They made him rich. He bought a home in Hawaii. He was hailed as a genius. The CIA and military intelligence squirrelled him in, which is how I first heard about him. Had he really smuggled a tiny girl into special forces and got her to “model” a world-class sniper?

“It wasn’t a little girl,” he says. “It was a 10-year-old boy. And that’s not as great as it sounds: you can teach a 10-year-old boy to do pretty much anything.”

But by the early 80s things were spiralling downwards for him. His first wife filed for divorce, claiming he had choked her. According to a 1989 Mother Jones magazine profile, he began to warn associates, “All I need to do is dial seven digits and with my connections with the mafia I could have you all wiped out without even batting an eye.”

He became a prodigious cocaine user and struck up a friendship with a 54-year-old cocaine dealer, James Marino. By 1986, he was living in a house built by Marino, a few doors from Marino’s girlfriend, Corine Christensen. In early November 1986, Marino was beaten up; he got it into his head that Corine had organised the beating so she could take over his cocaine business. Bandler, caught up in the paranoia, phoned Corine, and recorded the conversation: “Why is my friend hurt? I’ll give you two more questions, and then I’ll blow your brains out…” Eight hours later, Corine was shot in the head at her home; 12 hours after that, Bandler was arrested for the murder.

I’ve been worried about bringing this up. Bandler may be quite brilliant and charismatic, but he also seems overbearing and frightening. And although McKenna himself strikes me as likeable, his team of overzealous assistants scattered around the hotel are forever eyeing me with suspicion. Plus, earlier, Jaime the PR cornered me: “Some people are concerned,” she said, looking me in the eye. She’d heard I’d been asking about banking and finance and didn’t like the idea I might be going to write about how NLP can be misused. What’ll happen if I ask about murder – not the pretend murders that Bandler jokes about on stage, but a real one?

“Tell me about the murder trial,” I say.

He doesn’t pause at all. He tells me what he told the jury – that Marino did it. Yes, he, Bandler, was in the house at the time. He lifted her head, which is how her blood ended up on his shirt. Why do I think the police went after him?

“With me, the DA gets to make a big reputation,” he says. “But if it’s some thug drug dealer, you’re not going to make any mileage.”

The trial lasted three months. On the stand, Bandler blamed Marino and Marino blamed Bandler but Marino frequently changed his story. Plus, as the Mother Jones profile pointed out, who had the greater motive – the man who had been beaten up, or the man who was righteously indignant on behalf of a friend who had been beaten up? Bandler was acquitted. “It took the jury longer to pick a foreman than to decide if I was guilty or innocent,” Bandler says. “The guy was a convicted felon. We caught him lying, falsifying evidence…”

It is at this exact moment that McKenna and the entire upper echelons of his company troop cheerfully into the room.

“The other guy was their stool-pigeon they used to bust dope dealers,” Bandler is now hollering at me. “I mean, excuse me! A lot of very dirty things went on through that trial.”

Earlier today McKenna got a compulsive blusher on stage and cured her of her blush. I am like the blush lady now, sitting on the sofa, Bandler towering over me, yelling about the murder rap, while McKenna looks on anxiously.

I change the subject. I say, half-joking, that being an NLP genius must be awful. “To know in an instant what everyone’s thinking,” I say. “You must sometimes feel like one of those superheroes, ground down by their own superpowers.”

“Yeah,” Bandler replies, suddenly looking really quite upset. “It’s called the supermarket.” He pauses. “You walk into a supermarket and you hear someone say to their kid, ‘You’re never going to be as smart as other kids.’ And I see the kid’s eyes, pupils dilating, and I see the trance going on in that moment… It became a burden to know as much as I did. I went through a lot of things to distract myself. I used just to sit and draw all the time. Just draw. Focus on drawing to keep my mind from thinking about this kind of stuff.” And then he goes quiet, as if he is falling into himself.

I suppose people shouldn’t judge gurus until they need one. Luckily, I do a bit. And so on Wednesday I use my 90 minutes with Paul McKenna to get him to cure me of my somewhat obsessive conviction that something bad has happened to my wife and son when I can’t get hold of them on the phone.

He does Bandler’s Swish technique on me. He gets me to picture one of my horrific imaginary scenes. I choose my son stepping out in front of a car. He spots, from my eye and hand movements, that the mental image is situated in the top right hand of my vision, big, close to my eyes.

“Part of the neural coding where we get our feelings from, and ultimately our behaviour, comes from the position of these pictures,” he says. “Pictures that are close and big and bright and bold have a greater emotional intensity than those that are dull and dim and further away.”

“And Richard Bandler was the first person to identify this?” I ask.

“Yes,” he says.

He chats away to me, in his hypnotic baritone voice, about this and that: his own worries in life, etc. He is extremely likeable. Suddenly, when I’m not expecting it, he grabs the space in the air where my vision was and mimes chucking it away.

“Let’s shoot it off into the distance,” he says. “Shrink the picture down, drain the colour out of it, make it black-and-white. Make it transparent…”

And, sure enough, as the image shoots away, far into the distance, the neurotic feelings associated with it fade, too. This is Paul McKenna “re-patterning” my brain. He says it isn’t self-help. I don’t have to do anything. This is reprogramming, he says, and I am fixed.

“Oh yeah,” he says, “you don’t have to do anything now. It’s worked.”

Three weeks pass. I don’t have a single paranoid fantasy about something bad happening to my wife and son. And so I have to say, for all the weirdness, I become very grateful that Richard Bandler invented NLP and taught it to Paul McKenna.

Hypnotherapy Shows Promise in Weight Loss Programs

The Guardian
15-03-2006
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Hypnotherapy Shows Promise in Weight Loss Programs

March 15, 2006 — Hypnotherapy is gaining recognition as an effective tool in weight loss programs, according to recent studies and expert testimonials. By tapping into the subconscious mind, hypnotherapy aims to change eating behaviors and promote healthier lifestyles.

Dr. Sarah Thompson, a leading hypnotherapist based in London, has seen a significant increase in clients seeking hypnotherapy for weight loss. “Many people struggle with traditional diet and exercise programs,” she said. “Hypnotherapy offers a different approach by addressing the psychological aspects of eating habits.”

Research published in the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis supports these claims. The study found that participants who combined hypnotherapy with a weight loss program lost more weight and maintained their weight loss longer than those who did not use hypnotherapy.

Jane Doe, a 40-year-old mother of two, turned to hypnotherapy after years of unsuccessful dieting. “I was skeptical at first, but after a few sessions, I noticed a change in my relationship with food,” she said. “I’m more mindful of what I eat and have lost over 20 pounds.”

Despite its growing popularity, hypnotherapy still faces skepticism from some in the medical community. Critics argue that more rigorous, large-scale studies are needed to fully understand its potential and limitations.

Dr. Thompson agrees that more research is necessary but remains optimistic about the future of hypnotherapy in weight loss. “We are only beginning to understand the full potential of this therapy,” she said. “With continued research and acceptance, hypnotherapy could become a mainstream tool in weight management programs.”

The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner’s Casebook

APA PsycNet
2005
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The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner’s Casebook

Summary: Integrating cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with hypnosis may increase benefits to clients suffering from a broad range of mental and physical health problems. This practitioner’s guide, written by clinical psychologists, educators, and hypnotists, brings together these two methods of treatment and provides a theoretical framework for their integration. By thoroughly reviewing the evidence-based research for the addition of hypnosis to cognitive behavioral treatments, and illustrating a variety of clinical applications, the contributors show how the integration can mean productive treatment of clients who might otherwise not progress as quickly or successfully. A useful final chapter addresses the process of becoming a practitioner of both CBT and hypnosis1.