Hypnosis helps doctors zero in on kids’ seizures

Stanford Medicine
12-02-2008
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Hypnosis helps doctors zero in on kids’ seizures

It was no way for an 11-year-old to live. For a month the boy had endured daily episodes of uncontrollable jerking and foaming at the mouth, and his physicians at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital were concerned that the boy had epilepsy. Before starting the boy on a lifetime of antiseizure medications, though, they turned to an unconventional diagnostic tool: hypnosis.

‘Children are highly suggestible and they have great imaginations,’ said Packard Children’s child psychiatrist Richard Shaw, MD. ‘We’ve found that if we suggest that they are going to have one of their events while they are in a hypnotic trance, they will usually have one.’

But wait. Aren’t physicians supposed to try to STOP seizures rather than searching for new ways to cause them? In a word, yes. But in order to treat seizures effectively, doctors must learn which parts of the brain are causing the trouble. Many children who seem to be having epileptic seizures are actually having an involuntary physical reaction to psychological stress in their lives. These events require a vastly different treatment than do true epileptic seizures.

The only way to pinpoint the true cause is to monitor the child’s brain activity during an event. Connecting a panel of electrodes to a child’s scalp is relatively easy and painless. Conducting a ‘seizure watch’ of indefinite length is another matter.

‘It’s very difficult for parents to spend three or four days in the hospital hoping their child has a seizure,’ said Packard Children’s chief of pediatric neurology, Donald Olson, MD. ‘It puts them in a very uncomfortable place emotionally.’ Furthermore, some hospitalized children, removed from the very stressors that may be causing the events, never have a seizurelike event.

Hypnosis can speed the process considerably, said Shaw and Olson. Together with former medical student Neva Howard, they tested the procedure on nine children between the ages of 8 to 16 whose seizurelike events included twitching, loss of consciousness, shaking, jerking and falling. Their results were published online in January in Epilepsy & Behavior. The physicians needed to know whether these were true epileptic events, which are best treated by medication, or nonepileptic events caused by psychological stress or other neurological problems.

‘We can’t always distinguish epileptic from nonepileptic events visually, or through descriptions by family or friends,’ said Olson, an associate professor of neurology, of neurosurgery and of pediatrics at the School of Medicine. ‘But regardless of the cause, these are disabling, life-altering events that need to be treated.’

The authors believe that, although hypnosis may not work for every child, the technique is an important tool that can speed proper diagnosis and treatment for children suffering from seizurelike events.

To hypnotize the subjects, Shaw, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and of pediatrics at the School of Medicine, first used a combination of deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation to induce a state of relaxation and deep focused attention in the subjects. He then used a combination of imagery and suggestion to induce one of their typical seizurelike events. Children typically visualize being at one of their favorite places – for one teen, it was on a beach in the Bahamas. After a hypnotic trance was established, Shaw would then direct the child to recall the feelings or events that usually precede a typical seizure. Electrodes on the child’s scalp recorded their brain activity during the session.

In eight out of nine cases, Shaw could successfully trigger a seizurelike event with this procedure. After an appropriate monitoring interval, Shaw then directed the hypnotized child to ‘return’ to his or her favorite place and the episode would stop. Using this technique, the physicians found that all eight of the subjects were experiencing nonepileptic events.

‘We had a number of clues that these particular children might not have epilepsy,’ said Olson, ‘but hypnosis helped us confirm our suspicions.’ Physicians begin to suspect causes other than epilepsy if an individual has a variety of episodes, if the person’s cognition is unaffected despite frequent seizures or if the person has a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis.

Were the kids in the study relieved to find they didn’t have epilepsy? ‘Yes and no,’ said Shaw. ‘It’s important to explain very clearly that although these events are psychologically based, they are completely out of a child’s control.’ He and Olson compare the events, which are a type of condition called conversion disorder, to other well-known ways that stress and emotions affect other bodily functions, such as migraines, ulcers and blushing.

Stanford is part of an ongoing multicenter study of these nonepileptic events to better understand their causes and possible treatments. For now, Shaw often couples psychotherapy with self-hypnosis lessons to teach children how to avoid the events.

‘When they’re feeling out of control, this is a tool they can use. They know that they were able to ‘turn off’ an event during the initial hypnosis, and that gives them confidence to try it themselves,’ said Shaw.

In general, people are growing more comfortable with the idea of hypnosis in a medical setting, said Olson. ‘The first reaction of many people may be to equate hypnosis with some sort of black magic. But once we explain the reasons and benefits, they’re very accepting.’

Hypnotherapy Aids in Smoking Cessation Efforts

BBC News
22-11-2007
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Hypnotherapy Aids in Smoking Cessation Efforts

November 22, 2007 — Hypnotherapy is emerging as a promising method for helping smokers quit, according to new research and expert insights. The technique, which uses guided relaxation and focused attention, aims to alter the smoker’s mindset and reduce cravings.

Dr. Michael Roberts, a hypnotherapist and researcher at the University of Manchester, has been studying the effects of hypnosis on smoking cessation. “Our studies suggest that hypnotherapy can significantly increase the success rates of those attempting to quit smoking,” he said.

In a recent study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology, patients who underwent hypnotherapy sessions were twice as likely to quit smoking compared to those who used other methods such as nicotine patches or medication.

One success story is Mark Johnson, a 45-year-old businessman, who had been smoking for over 20 years. “I tried everything from patches to gum, but nothing worked,” he said. “Hypnotherapy was my last resort, and it worked. I haven’t smoked in over a year.”

Despite these successes, hypnotherapy remains a controversial topic within the medical community. Some critics argue that the placebo effect might play a significant role in the perceived benefits of hypnosis.

Dr. Roberts acknowledges the need for more research but believes in the potential of hypnotherapy. “While we need more large-scale studies, the evidence we have so far is promising,” he said. “Hypnotherapy could become a valuable tool in the fight against smoking.”

A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Hypnosis Intervention to Control Side Effects in Breast Surgery Patients

Journal of the National Cancer Institute
05-09-2007
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A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Hypnosis Intervention to Control Side Effects in Breast Surgery Patients

Background
Breast cancer surgery is associated with side effects, including postsurgical pain, nausea, and fatigue. We carried out a randomized clinical trial to test the hypotheses that a brief presurgery hypnosis intervention would decrease intraoperative anesthesia and analgesic use and side effects associated with breast cancer surgery and that it would be cost effective.

Methods
We randomly assigned 200 patients who were scheduled to undergo excisional breast biopsy or lumpectomy (mean age 48.5 years) to a 15-minute presurgery hypnosis session conducted by a psychologist or nondirective empathic listening (attention control). Patients were not blinded to group assignment. Intraoperative anesthesia use (i.e., of the analgesics lidocaine and fentanyl and the sedatives propofol and midazolam) was assessed. Patient-reported pain and other side effects as measured on a visual analog scale (0–100) were assessed at discharge, as was use of analgesics in the recovery room. Institutional costs and time in the operating room were assessed via chart review.

Results
Patients in the hypnosis group required less propofol (means = 64.01 versus 96.64 μg; difference = 32.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.95 to 61.30) and lidocaine (means = 24.23 versus 31.09 mL; difference = 6.86; 95% CI = 3.05 to 10.68) than patients in the control group. Patients in the hypnosis group also reported less pain intensity (means = 22.43 versus 47.83; difference = 25.40; 95% CI = 17.56 to 33.25), pain unpleasantness (means = 21.19 versus 39.05; difference = 17.86; 95% CI = 9.92 to 25.80), nausea (means = 6.57 versus 25.49; difference = 18.92; 95% CI = 12.98 to 24.87), fatigue (means = 29.47 versus 54.20; difference = 24.73; 95% CI = 16.64 to 32.83), discomfort (means = 23.01 versus 43.20; difference = 20.19; 95% CI = 12.36 to 28.02), and emotional upset (means = 8.67 versus 33.46; difference = 24.79; 95% CI = 18.56 to 31.03). No statistically significant differences were seen in the use of fentanyl, midazolam, or recovery room analgesics. Institutional costs for surgical breast cancer procedures were $8561 per patient at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Patients in the hypnosis group cost the institution $772.71 less per patient than those in the control group (95% CI = 75.10 to 1469.89), mainly due to reduced surgical time.

Conclusions
Hypnosis was superior to attention control regarding propofol and lidocaine use; pain, nausea, fatigue, discomfort, and emotional upset at discharge; and institutional cost. Overall, the present data support the use of hypnosis with breast cancer surgery patients.

Don’t worry, get therapy

The Guardian
20-05-2006
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Don’t worry, get therapy

He used to be a TV hypnotist. Now, together with an American self-help maestro, Paul McKenna makes business people more successful. Jon Ronson joins the devotees at a conference – but can he be cured of his one big phobia?

The following correction was printed in the Guardian’s Corrections and clarifications column, Monday May 29 2006

In the article below we described NLP, or Neurolinguistic Programming, as the invention of Richard Bandler. The co-creator was John Grinder, with whom Bandler developed NLP modelling and co-wrote the book Transformations.

It is a Friday in April, and you’d think some crazy evangelical faith healing show was taking place in the big brown conference room of the Ibis hotel in Earl’s Court, west London. The music is pumping and the 600 delegates are ecstatic. It’s true there are lots of damaged people here who have come to be healed, but this is no faith healing show. The speakers are atheists. And the audience is full of people from British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, British Gas, BT, Bupa, Dixons, the Department for Work and Pensions, Ladbrokes and Transport for London. These people have come to learn how to be better in the workplace. Lots of them tell me they signed up because of the TV star Paul McKenna, but the great revelation is the other speaker – the man they hadn’t heard of. Now the audience is jumping to its feet, cheering. I look behind me. I see him passing through the crowd, looking like Don Corleone, square-jawed and inscrutable – it’s the other speaker, Richard Bandler.

Of all the gurus who thrived during the Californian New Age gold rush of the 1970s, Bandler has by far the biggest influence, on millions of people, most of whom know nothing about him or his extraordinary past. These days, nobody bothers much with naked hot tub encounter sessions or primal screaming or whatever. But Bandler’s invention – NLP (Neurolinguistic Programming) – is everywhere.

The NLP training manual we delegates have been handed is a confusing mix of psychobabble and diagrams marked “submodalities” and “kinesthetics”, etc. But from what I can gather, NLP is a way of “re-patterning” the human brain to turn us into super-beings – confident, non-phobic, thin super-beings who could sell coals to Newcastle and know what people are thinking just by their eye movements. It is the theory that we are computers and can be reprogrammed as easily as computers can. You were abused as a child? Forget therapy: just turn off the bit of the brain that remembers the abuse. You want to become a great salesperson? NLP will reprogram you. Our winks, our ticks, our seemingly insignificant choice of words – they all make up a map of our innermost desires and doubts: read the customer and make the sale.

Some people hail the way NLP has seeped into training programmes in businesses across the world. Others say terrible things about NLP. They say it is a cult invented by a crazy man.

I first heard of Bandler in 2002, when a former US special forces soldier told me he’d watched him, two decades earlier, bring a tiny girl into special forces and reprogram her in seconds to be a world-class sniper. Intrigued, I tried to learn more. This is when I heard about the good times, how Bandler’s theories were greeted with high praise in the 70s and 80s, how Al Gore and Bill Clinton and practically every Fortune 500 corporate chief declared themselves fans. And then there was the descent into the dark side – reportedly, during the 80s, a coked-up Bandler had a habit of telling people he could dial a number and have them killed just like that. Then came the murder trial: in 1988, Bandler was tried and acquitted of murdering a prostitute, Corine Christensen. She’d been found slumped over a dining table, a bullet in her head. Her blood was found sprayed on Bandler’s shirt. And then there was the renaissance in the form of Bandler’s unexpected partnership with the TV hypnotist Paul McKenna, and the fact that they were going to be teaching a course together this week at the Ibis hotel.

Earlier that day, I had coffee with Sue Crowley. She’s been friends with McKenna for years, since the days he was touring regional theatres making people think they were kangaroos. Before that he had been a DJ – at Topshop, then Radio Caroline and, finally, Capital Radio. Back then, the idea that he’d one day hook up with Bandler would have seemed as likely as Doctor Fox becoming business partners with L Ron Hubbard. But, Sue said, “Paul was like a dog with a bone when he first learned of Richard. He studied him at seminars. He modelled Richard like nobody’s ever modelled anyone before.”

Modelling, invented by Bandler, is a practice at the heart of NLP. This is how McKenna describes it: “If someone’s got a skill that you want to master, you ‘model’ that skill so you can learn to do what they do in a fraction of the time it took them. Say someone’s a master salesperson – they’ll be doing certain things with their body, and certain things with their language. So you ‘model’ that. Study it, break it down, work out the thinking behind it.”

Sue said McKenna was incredibly nervous about approaching Bandler to suggest they go into business together. Since he finally did, in 1994, NLP has – thanks to McKenna’s skills – become bigger than ever, a vast empire that’s making everyone millions. And McKenna no longer goes on the road with his hypnotism show.

“Paul is an unexpected protege of Richard’s,” Sue said. “The squeaky clean DJ and the… uh…” She paused, not knowing which bits of the Richard Bandler story to mention, in case I didn’t know the full extent of the horror. “The… uh… Hell’s Angel, up for God knows what, CIA… But Richard Bandler is a Leonardo of our times. He is one of our living greats.”

Purple Haze booms through the speakers and Bandler climbs on to the stage. He hushes the crowd. They sit down. I am momentarily lost in my thoughts and remain standing.

“Are – you – going – to – sit – down – now?” hisses a voice in my ear. I jump. It is one of Paul McKenna’s assistants. I hurriedly sit down.

“I marched up the Amazon,” Bandler tells the audience. “I threatened gurus to get them to tell me their secrets. They’re pretty cooperative when you hold them over the edge of the cliff.”

There is laughter.

“There was one Indian guru,” Bandler continues, “I was holding him over the edge of a cliff, I said to him, ‘My hand is getting tired. You have seven seconds to tell me your secrets.’ Well, he told me them fast, and in perfect English!”

I have to say that, had I been tried for murder, I would be less forthcoming with the murder gags. Practically every one of Bandler’s jokes are murder, or at least violent crime-related. I hope – when I finally get to meet him – to ask about the murder trial, although I’m nervous at the prospect.

Suddenly, we hear a loud noise from somewhere outside. “A ghost,” Bandler says. “I do have ghosts that follow me around. And they’re angry ghosts. But I don’t care. The truth is, the ghosts are more afraid of me than I am of them.”

He is mesmerising. Two hours pass in a flash. He talks about childhood trauma. He puts on a whiny voice: “When I was five, I wanted a pony… my parents told me I was ugly…’ Shut the fuck up!” He gets the audience to chant it: “Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up!”

If you hear voices in your head, he says, tell the voices to shut the fuck up. “If you suffered childhood abuse, don’t go back and relive it in your mind. Once is enough!” He says psychotherapy is nonsense and a racket: therapists are rewarded for failure. The longer a problem lasts, the more the therapist is paid. Who cares about the roots of the trauma? “Don’t think about bad things!” Bandler says. “There’s a machine inside your brain that gets rid of shit that doesn’t need to be there. Use it! I can give myself amnesia. I can just forget.” He clicks his fingers. “Just like that.”

This seven-day course is costing the 600 delegates £1,500 each. Which means McKenna’s company will rake in £1m for this one week’s work – the tea and biscuits may be free, but we have to buy our own lunch. For all the hero worship of McKenna and Bandler, there’s still a lot of grumbling about this, especially because, whenever we shuffle out into the rain to try to find somewhere to eat in this crappy part of town, we’re compelled to traipse past McKenna’s chauffeur-driven silver Bentley, number plate 75PM, waiting to swish Bandler off somewhere unimaginably fancier.

It is lunchtime now. I walk past the Bentley. A delegate sidles up to me. “You’re a very naughty boy!” she says. “Richard will be very cross with you!”

“What?” I practically yell.

“You kept writing when Richard was talking even though you knew you weren’t supposed to!” she says. “And you didn’t have a smile on your face. Everyone was laughing, but you were scowling.”

I missed yesterday’s session, which is perhaps why everyone is so far ahead of me in the frenzied adoration stakes. In fact, earlier today Bandler said he had no unhappy clients. His exact words were, “The reason why all my clients are a success is that I killed all the ones who weren’t.”

He and McKenna have made particular headway in the business world. In fact, Ian Aitken, managing director of McKenna’s company, says the individuals looking for a cure for their phobias are now in the minority. I ask him what is it about NLP that attracts salespeople. Bandler, he replies, teaches that everyone has a dominant way of perceiving the world, through seeing, hearing or feeling. If a customer says, “I see what you mean,” that makes them a visual person. The NLP-trained salesperson will spot the clue and establish rapport by mirroring the language.

“I get the picture,” the NLP-trained salesperson can reply, rather than “That rings a bell”, or “That feels good to me”.

After lunch, we split into small groups to practise NLP techniques on each other. I pair up with Vish, who runs a property company in the Midlands. “What did I miss yesterday?” I ask.

He is mesmerising. Two hours pass in a flash. He talks about childhood trauma. He puts on a whiny voice: “When I was five, I wanted a pony… my parents told me I was ugly…’ Shut the fuck up!” He gets the audience to chant it: “Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up! Shut the fuck up!”

If you hear voices in your head, he says, tell the voices to shut the fuck up. “If you suffered childhood abuse, don’t go back and relive it in your mind. Once is enough!” He says psychotherapy is nonsense and a racket: therapists are rewarded for failure. The longer a problem lasts, the more the therapist is paid. Who cares about the roots of the trauma? “Don’t think about bad things!” Bandler says. “There’s a machine inside your brain that gets rid of shit that doesn’t need to be there. Use it! I can give myself amnesia. I can just forget.” He clicks his fingers. “Just like that.”

This seven-day course is costing the 600 delegates £1,500 each. Which means McKenna’s company will rake in £1m for this one week’s work – the tea and biscuits may be free, but we have to buy our own lunch. For all the hero worship of McKenna and Bandler, there’s still a lot of grumbling about this, especially because, whenever we shuffle out into the rain to try to find somewhere to eat in this crappy part of town, we’re compelled to traipse past McKenna’s chauffeur-driven silver Bentley, number plate 75PM, waiting to swish Bandler off somewhere unimaginably fancier.

It is lunchtime now. I walk past the Bentley. A delegate sidles up to me. “You’re a very naughty boy!” she says. “Richard will be very cross with you!”

“What?” I practically yell.

“You kept writing when Richard was talking even though you knew you weren’t supposed to!” she says. “And you didn’t have a smile on your face. Everyone was laughing, but you were scowling.”

I missed yesterday’s session, which is perhaps why everyone is so far ahead of me in the frenzied adoration stakes. In fact, earlier today Bandler said he had no unhappy clients. His exact words were, “The reason why all my clients are a success is that I killed all the ones who weren’t.”

He and McKenna have made particular headway in the business world. In fact, Ian Aitken, managing director of McKenna’s company, says the individuals looking for a cure for their phobias are now in the minority. I ask him what is it about NLP that attracts salespeople. Bandler, he replies, teaches that everyone has a dominant way of perceiving the world, through seeing, hearing or feeling. If a customer says, “I see what you mean,” that makes them a visual person. The NLP-trained salesperson will spot the clue and establish rapport by mirroring the language.

“I get the picture,” the NLP-trained salesperson can reply, rather than “That rings a bell”, or “That feels good to me”.

After lunch, we split into small groups to practise NLP techniques on each other. I pair up with Vish, who runs a property company in the Midlands. “What did I miss yesterday?” I ask.

Finally, exhausted, I reach McKenna. I introduce myself and ask him, “How did you end up in business with Richard Bandler?”

“I know!” he says. “It seems incredible from the outside. But he’s one of my best friends…” Then he excuses himself to do a spot of speed healing on an overeater.

An hour later, McKenna’s PR, Jaime, tells me in the corridor quite sternly that I am not to hang out with Paul or Richard before, between or after sessions, because they’re far too busy and tired. I can meet them next Wednesday, she says, when the course is over.

I go home. I don’t think I have ever, in all my life, had so many people try to keep me in order in one single day. Advocates and critics alike say attaining a mastery of NLP can be an excellent way of controlling people, so I suppose the training courses attract that sort of person. Ross Jeffries, author of How To Get The Women You Desire Into Bed, is a great NLP fan, as is Duane Lakin, author of The Unfair Advantage: Sell With NLP! (Both books advocate the “that feels good to me” style of mirroring/rapport building invented by Bandler.) But still, the controlling didn’t work on me. Nobody successfully got inside my head and changed – for their benefit – the way I saw NLP. In fact, quite the opposite happened. This makes me wonder if NLP even works.

Emails and telephone calls fly back and forth. I tell Jaime the PR that I don’t want to be kept away from Bandler during the sessions. Finally, it is agreed I can meet him before he goes on stage on Monday.

Over the days that follow, things start to improve. I corner McKenna and tell him his assistants are driving me crazy. “You have to make them leave me alone,” I say. He looks mortified, and says they’re just overexcited and trying too hard. But, he adds, the course would be a lot worse without them energising the stragglers into practising NLP techniques on one another.

On stage, Bandler and McKenna cure a stream of delegates of their phobias and compulsions. There’s a woman who’s barely left her home for years, convinced the heater will turn itself on when she’s out and burn down the house.

“Do they pay you to think like this?” asks Bandler. “It seems like an awful lot of work. Aren’t you fucking sick of it?”

The woman says a bossy voice in her head tells her the heater will do this.

Bandler gets her to turn down the knob in her brain that controls the volume of the bossy voice. Then he gets the bossy voice to tell her, “If you keep worrying about this heater, you’re going to miss out everything good in your life.” This, Bandler says, is an invention of his called the Swish technique: you take a bad thought, turn it into a radio or TV image, and then swish it away, replacing it with a good thought.

“I don’t care about you any more, heater, because I want to get my life back,” the woman says, and the audience cheers.

I still don’t quite understand the Swish technique, so I make a mental note to get McKenna to do it on me when I meet him at his house on Wednesday. I have a whole potpourri of bad thoughts I wouldn’t mind swishing away.

Yesterday, Bandler cured someone who had a fear of doctors. Now he gets him to stand up. “Are you scared of going to the doctor?” he asks.

“I… uh… hope not,” the man replies quietly.

“Boo!” shouts the audience, only half-good-naturedly.

Suddenly, I feel a poke in my elbow. I spin around. It is Vish. I catch him in the act of giving my elbow a second poke. “Did that make you feel good?” he asks.

“It made me feel confused.”

When someone appears cured, Bandler and McKenna seem quietly, sincerely thrilled. And the room truly is scattered with NLP success stories. There are the shy salespeople who aren’t shy any more, the arachnophobes who swish away their spider phobias and stroke the tarantulas that McKenna provides one afternoon.

On stage, McKenna is a mix of entertainer and college lecturer. He tells a joke and then says, “What was I just doing?”

“Reframing!” the audience yell as one. (Reframing is NLP’s way of putting a miserable person in a good mood. If someone says, “My wife’s always nagging me”, the NLP-trained therapist will “reframe” by replying, “She must really care about you to tell you what she thinks.”) It’s obvious that making people think they were kangaroos was never going to be enough for McKenna. This is what he loves: being a boffin. A multimillionaire boffin.

I sit in the audience and watch all this, and back at home in the evenings I talk to friends who, it transpires, secretly listen to McKenna’s CDs and get cured. I still don’t know how it works. Maybe it’ll become clear when I ask him to cure me on Wednesday.

There’s another speaker here, the life coach Michael Neill, who asks me if I can spot the covert intelligence officers in the audience. “I’m not joking,” he says. “There’s always one or two… Most people who want to get inside your brain,” says Michael, moving closer, “have negative reasons.”

McKenna, standing nearby, comes over. He scans the room. When the 600 delegates graduate in a few days, they’ll be given Licensed NLP Practitioner certificates. Some will set up their own NLP training schools. He says he cannot guard against what happens next.

“Some people teach NLP in a way that makes it sound highly manipulative and coercive,” McKenna says. “You know, ‘I will give you power over others.’ And the people who end up going to those are people with very small penises, frankly. People who think, ‘Oh my God! I’m not enough! I’m so out of control! Maybe if I learned how to have power over other, I’ll be a better person!’ So, you see, criticising NLP is like criticising a hammer.”

I tell him I’ve read terrible things about NLP on the internet – that some scientists call it nonsense – and he says, “I know it’s not scientific. Some of the techniques will not always work in the same way in a laboratory every time!” He laughs. “But Louis Pasteur was accused of being in league with the devil. The Wright brothers were called fraudsters…”

On Monday, I spot Bandler by the stage, surrounded by fans. “Wow,” he says as a woman hands him a rare copy of his book, Transformations. “That goes for, like, $600 on eBay.”

“That’s where I got it,” the woman says. He autographs it.

Everything is going fine until someone hands Bandler a blank piece of paper to sign. “What’s this?” he asks. “I just don’t sign blank paper.” He pauses. “I have a thing about it.”

Misunderstanding, the woman hands him different blank paper. “No, no,” he says. “I just can’t sign blank paper.”

Some of the fans laugh, as if to say, “How can you hand him blank paper after he’s just told you he doesn’t sign blank paper? Are you nuts to expect him to sign blank paper?”

But, really, it is a strange moment: Bandler has just spent the past few days convincing us that phobias are nonsense, and here he is, phobic about signing blank paper.

The moment passes. A woman kisses him and says, “From one child of the 60s to another.”

Bandler laughs and replies, “They called us the fringe. We’re fucking mainstream now!”

Then I introduce myself, and we go upstairs.

Richard Bandler was born in 1950. He grew up in a rough part of New Jersey. I don’t expect him to talk much about his childhood because several profiles say he never does. The one thing known for sure is that he had language problems, and barely spoke until he was a teenager. So I’m surprised when he says, “I was a compulsive kid.”

I’m sitting on a low sofa. He’s standing above me.

“When I was a kid, I took up archery,” he says. “I can remember sitting out by the side of the house until 3am, with just a little light bulb, shooting at a fucking target, over and over until I got it exactly the way it was supposed to be.”

“Where did your compulsiveness come from?” I ask.

“From being alone most of the time. I had to be self-motivated. My mother was always out working, and my father was violent and dangerous.” He pauses. “Well, my first father was gone by the time I was five, and he was very violent. My mother later married a guy who was a drunk and a prize fighter in the navy. He was very violent – broke a lot of my bones. But in the end I won.”

“How?” I ask, expecting him to say something like, “Look at me now, I’m getting driven around in a Bentley.”

But instead he says, “I electrocuted him.”

“Really?” I say.

“I didn’t kill him,” he says, “but I could have.”

“How did you electrocute him?” I ask.

“I waited until it was raining,” he says. “I got a wire-mesh doormat. I stripped a lamp cord, put it underneath the doormat, put the other end in the keyhole and put my hand on the switch. When the key went in, I clicked the switch. There was a loud scream. He went over the railing. Six months in hospital.”

“How old were you?” I ask.

“Ten,” he says.

I remember his advice for people who suffered childhood abuse: “Just forget about it.” Tell the voices to “shut the fuck up”. Is NLP Bandler’s way of avoiding confronting the demons of his past? Or perhaps it’s the opposite – why else would he spend his life mapping the crazy ways people behave, if not to try and understand the senselessness of his own childhood? I ask him this. He shrugs, then replies, “I don’t think too much about my childhood. I just left it behind me. I moved on.”

The family moved to California, where Bandler became “a juvenile delinquent. Then I discovered it wasn’t the Harley that was scaring people. It was the look in the eye.”

He was diagnosed as a sociopath. “And, yeah, I am a little sociopathic. But my illusions were so powerful, they became real – and not just to me.” He says NLP came to him in a series of hallucinations while he was “sitting in a little cabin, with raindrops coming through the roof, typing on my manual typewriter”. This was 1975. By then he was a computer programmer, a 25-year-old graduate of the University of Santa Cruz.

It’s surprising to me that Bandler would cheerfully refer to NLP as a sociopathic hallucination that struck a chord with the business world. I’m not sure he’s ever been that blunt about it before. But I suppose, when you think about it, there is something sociopathic about seeing people as computers who store desires in one part of the brain and doubts in another.

“See, it’s funny,” he says. “When you get people to think about their doubts, notice where their eyes move. They look down! So, when salespeople slide that contract in, suddenly people feel doubt, because that’s where all the doubt stuff is.”

“So where should a salesperson put the contract?” I ask.

“They’ve got to buy themselves a clipboard!” he says. “When you ask people to think about things that are absolutely right for them, they look up! So you put the contract on a clipboard and present it to them up here!” Actually, the idea of a salesperson thrusting a contract right into my face seems pretty scary, too, but these were the kinds of ideas Bandler was typing in Santa Cruz at the age of 25. The book would eventually be co-written with linguistics professor John Grinder and published under the title The Structure Of Magic.

Throughout the interview, I’m sitting on a low sofa with Bandler standing above me. Something suddenly dawns on me. “If I was standing and you were sitting,” I ask, “would I be forming different opinions of you?”

“Yeah,” he says, “of course.”

“So, are you deliberately positioning yourself in my hopes and desires eyeline?” I ask.

There’s a silence. Bandler smiles to himself. “No,” he says. “My leg hurts. That’s why I’m standing up.”

The Structure Of Magic was a huge hit. “Time magazine, Psychology Today, all of these people started seeking me out in Santa Cruz,” he says. “And I started getting interest from places I really didn’t expect, like IBM.” He designed sales training programmes for businesses across the US. They made him rich. He bought a home in Hawaii. He was hailed as a genius. The CIA and military intelligence squirrelled him in, which is how I first heard about him. Had he really smuggled a tiny girl into special forces and got her to “model” a world-class sniper?

“It wasn’t a little girl,” he says. “It was a 10-year-old boy. And that’s not as great as it sounds: you can teach a 10-year-old boy to do pretty much anything.”

But by the early 80s things were spiralling downwards for him. His first wife filed for divorce, claiming he had choked her. According to a 1989 Mother Jones magazine profile, he began to warn associates, “All I need to do is dial seven digits and with my connections with the mafia I could have you all wiped out without even batting an eye.”

He became a prodigious cocaine user and struck up a friendship with a 54-year-old cocaine dealer, James Marino. By 1986, he was living in a house built by Marino, a few doors from Marino’s girlfriend, Corine Christensen. In early November 1986, Marino was beaten up; he got it into his head that Corine had organised the beating so she could take over his cocaine business. Bandler, caught up in the paranoia, phoned Corine, and recorded the conversation: “Why is my friend hurt? I’ll give you two more questions, and then I’ll blow your brains out…” Eight hours later, Corine was shot in the head at her home; 12 hours after that, Bandler was arrested for the murder.

I’ve been worried about bringing this up. Bandler may be quite brilliant and charismatic, but he also seems overbearing and frightening. And although McKenna himself strikes me as likeable, his team of overzealous assistants scattered around the hotel are forever eyeing me with suspicion. Plus, earlier, Jaime the PR cornered me: “Some people are concerned,” she said, looking me in the eye. She’d heard I’d been asking about banking and finance and didn’t like the idea I might be going to write about how NLP can be misused. What’ll happen if I ask about murder – not the pretend murders that Bandler jokes about on stage, but a real one?

“Tell me about the murder trial,” I say.

He doesn’t pause at all. He tells me what he told the jury – that Marino did it. Yes, he, Bandler, was in the house at the time. He lifted her head, which is how her blood ended up on his shirt. Why do I think the police went after him?

“With me, the DA gets to make a big reputation,” he says. “But if it’s some thug drug dealer, you’re not going to make any mileage.”

The trial lasted three months. On the stand, Bandler blamed Marino and Marino blamed Bandler but Marino frequently changed his story. Plus, as the Mother Jones profile pointed out, who had the greater motive – the man who had been beaten up, or the man who was righteously indignant on behalf of a friend who had been beaten up? Bandler was acquitted. “It took the jury longer to pick a foreman than to decide if I was guilty or innocent,” Bandler says. “The guy was a convicted felon. We caught him lying, falsifying evidence…”

It is at this exact moment that McKenna and the entire upper echelons of his company troop cheerfully into the room.

“The other guy was their stool-pigeon they used to bust dope dealers,” Bandler is now hollering at me. “I mean, excuse me! A lot of very dirty things went on through that trial.”

Earlier today McKenna got a compulsive blusher on stage and cured her of her blush. I am like the blush lady now, sitting on the sofa, Bandler towering over me, yelling about the murder rap, while McKenna looks on anxiously.

I change the subject. I say, half-joking, that being an NLP genius must be awful. “To know in an instant what everyone’s thinking,” I say. “You must sometimes feel like one of those superheroes, ground down by their own superpowers.”

“Yeah,” Bandler replies, suddenly looking really quite upset. “It’s called the supermarket.” He pauses. “You walk into a supermarket and you hear someone say to their kid, ‘You’re never going to be as smart as other kids.’ And I see the kid’s eyes, pupils dilating, and I see the trance going on in that moment… It became a burden to know as much as I did. I went through a lot of things to distract myself. I used just to sit and draw all the time. Just draw. Focus on drawing to keep my mind from thinking about this kind of stuff.” And then he goes quiet, as if he is falling into himself.

I suppose people shouldn’t judge gurus until they need one. Luckily, I do a bit. And so on Wednesday I use my 90 minutes with Paul McKenna to get him to cure me of my somewhat obsessive conviction that something bad has happened to my wife and son when I can’t get hold of them on the phone.

He does Bandler’s Swish technique on me. He gets me to picture one of my horrific imaginary scenes. I choose my son stepping out in front of a car. He spots, from my eye and hand movements, that the mental image is situated in the top right hand of my vision, big, close to my eyes.

“Part of the neural coding where we get our feelings from, and ultimately our behaviour, comes from the position of these pictures,” he says. “Pictures that are close and big and bright and bold have a greater emotional intensity than those that are dull and dim and further away.”

“And Richard Bandler was the first person to identify this?” I ask.

“Yes,” he says.

He chats away to me, in his hypnotic baritone voice, about this and that: his own worries in life, etc. He is extremely likeable. Suddenly, when I’m not expecting it, he grabs the space in the air where my vision was and mimes chucking it away.

“Let’s shoot it off into the distance,” he says. “Shrink the picture down, drain the colour out of it, make it black-and-white. Make it transparent…”

And, sure enough, as the image shoots away, far into the distance, the neurotic feelings associated with it fade, too. This is Paul McKenna “re-patterning” my brain. He says it isn’t self-help. I don’t have to do anything. This is reprogramming, he says, and I am fixed.

“Oh yeah,” he says, “you don’t have to do anything now. It’s worked.”

Three weeks pass. I don’t have a single paranoid fantasy about something bad happening to my wife and son. And so I have to say, for all the weirdness, I become very grateful that Richard Bandler invented NLP and taught it to Paul McKenna.

Hypnotherapy Shows Promise in Weight Loss Programs

The Guardian
15-03-2006
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Hypnotherapy Shows Promise in Weight Loss Programs

March 15, 2006 — Hypnotherapy is gaining recognition as an effective tool in weight loss programs, according to recent studies and expert testimonials. By tapping into the subconscious mind, hypnotherapy aims to change eating behaviors and promote healthier lifestyles.

Dr. Sarah Thompson, a leading hypnotherapist based in London, has seen a significant increase in clients seeking hypnotherapy for weight loss. “Many people struggle with traditional diet and exercise programs,” she said. “Hypnotherapy offers a different approach by addressing the psychological aspects of eating habits.”

Research published in the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis supports these claims. The study found that participants who combined hypnotherapy with a weight loss program lost more weight and maintained their weight loss longer than those who did not use hypnotherapy.

Jane Doe, a 40-year-old mother of two, turned to hypnotherapy after years of unsuccessful dieting. “I was skeptical at first, but after a few sessions, I noticed a change in my relationship with food,” she said. “I’m more mindful of what I eat and have lost over 20 pounds.”

Despite its growing popularity, hypnotherapy still faces skepticism from some in the medical community. Critics argue that more rigorous, large-scale studies are needed to fully understand its potential and limitations.

Dr. Thompson agrees that more research is necessary but remains optimistic about the future of hypnotherapy in weight loss. “We are only beginning to understand the full potential of this therapy,” she said. “With continued research and acceptance, hypnotherapy could become a mainstream tool in weight management programs.”

The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner’s Casebook

APA PsycNet
2005
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The Clinical Use of Hypnosis in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Practitioner’s Casebook

Summary: Integrating cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with hypnosis may increase benefits to clients suffering from a broad range of mental and physical health problems. This practitioner’s guide, written by clinical psychologists, educators, and hypnotists, brings together these two methods of treatment and provides a theoretical framework for their integration. By thoroughly reviewing the evidence-based research for the addition of hypnosis to cognitive behavioral treatments, and illustrating a variety of clinical applications, the contributors show how the integration can mean productive treatment of clients who might otherwise not progress as quickly or successfully. A useful final chapter addresses the process of becoming a practitioner of both CBT and hypnosis1.

Stanford study shows hypnosis helps kids undergoing difficult procedure

Stanford Medicine
3-1-2005
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Stanford study shows hypnosis helps kids undergoing difficult procedure

STANFORD, Calif. – Elaine Miller desperately wanted to find a way to help her daughter, Hannah, endure an awkward and painful medical examination in which doctors insert a catheter into her bladder, inject a dye and ask her to urinate while being X-rayed.

The girl had been through the procedure four times by age 7, and she dreaded going through it again. So when researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine offered hypnosis, Miller welcomed the chance. “I had tried every angle I could to either avoid the test for my daughter or make it less traumatic,” she said.

Researchers found that hypnosis lessened distress in Hannah and other young patients who, because of an anomaly in their urinary tracts, must undergo the difficult annual exam called voiding cystourethography, or VCUG, to see if urine is backing up into their kidneys. “Hypnosis was really the only thing that helped,” said Miller.

Many clinical reports suggest that hypnosis can make it easier to quit smoking; reduce the pain of cancer and giving birth and help reduce the stress of medical procedures, but reviews of the literature call for better-designed, randomized studies that place such uses of hypnosis squarely in the domain of evidence-based medicine. The Stanford study, published Jan. 3 in the online version of Pediatrics, is one of only a handful of randomized trials to look at whether hypnosis reduces pain and stress during medical procedures in children.

Four or five patients undergo the stressful VCUG catheterization on any given day at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford. Many doctors wish that they could avoid putting children through the procedure, as it is so unpleasant, but there’s no alternative. And sedation is out of the question because children have to be alert enough to urinate during the VCUG. “It’s abusive, almost,” said Linda Shortliffe, MD, professor of urology and the hospital’s chief of pediatric urology. “It involves using some force in a sensitive place, but we can’t do the exam without the catheter.”

Hypnosis, the researchers hypothesized, would give the children more control of their experience by teaching them to focus on being somewhere else, potentially helping them to deal with the anxiety and pain caused by the catheterization.

Forty-four children participated in the study. All had been through at least one distressing VCUG in the past. About half, including Hannah, received self-hypnosis training while the other half received routine care, which included a preparation session with a recreational therapist who taught some breathing techniques and demonstrated the VCUG using a doll.

According to the paper, the use of hypnosis reduced the procedure’s duration from an average of 50 minutes down to 35. Although children in the study did not report experiencing less fear or pain after hypnosis, researchers suggested that this result might be due to kids’ desire to assert their displeasure in a bid to discourage being subject to another VCUG in the future. And, indeed, attending parents and neutral observers participating in the study reported less distress in hypnotized children compared with those given recreational therapy.

“With hypnosis we saw less crying, less distress during the preparation for the procedure and the technicians said the procedure was much easier to perform,” said David Spiegel, MD, the Jack, Lulu and Samuel Willson Professor in Medicine and associate chair of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, as well as the director of the Stanford Center for Integrative Medicine and the Psychosocial Treatment Laboratory at Stanford and an attending psychiatrist at the children’s hospital.

To learn self-hypnosis, Hannah Miller met with Spiegel a week before she was due for a VCUG. As Hannah remembers it, Spiegel asked her to imagine that a balloon tied to her wrist could take her anywhere she wanted to go and to picture doing her favorite things in that place. “So I pictured myself ice-skating in Hawaii,” she said, “and swimming and snorkeling.” After practicing self-hypnosis at home with her mother’s help during the ensuing week, Hannah said the examination went much better than it had in the past. “We narrowed down the worst 30 seconds of the test, and that’s when the visualization really helped,” she said.

The study is one more step toward getting hypnosis covered by health plans. Although insurers do not reimburse for such stress-relief therapy—research funds paid for the hypnosis involved in this study—that could change if more evidence is developed that documents the benefits of hypnosis.

Funding for the research was provided by the Innovations in Patient Care Program at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital.

Hypnosis to be used as anaesthetic

The Guardian
19-10-2004
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Hypnosis to be used as anaesthetic

Hypnosis is to be used as an alternative to general anaesthetic for some NHS patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.

Doctors hope the technique will speed recovery times, reduce the need for painkillers and cut costs.

Women who agree to be hypnotised would remain conscious during their operation, although they would be sedated.

The procedure is to be trialled by the Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre at Westmead hospital in Sydney, Australia, where it has been used successfully on two patients.

In Britain, researchers at two NHS trusts are investigating whether the technique could be used more widely.

Christina Burch, a consultant anaesthetist at the Prospect Park hospital, Reading, who uses hypnosis to treat patients with chronic pain, said: “This is potentially a very useful technique. The big advantage to the patient is that hypnosis doesn’t have any side effects. It doesn’t interact with other medication they may be on.”

Dr Burch, who is seeking funding for a pilot study, added: “It’s very safe. There’s no hangover effect and patients can go home much more quickly after surgery.”

The technique involves relaxing the patient and helping them to dissociate their mind from their body.

Hypnotherapy Gains Ground in Medical Treatments

BBC News
15-04-2004
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Hypnotherapy Gains Ground in Medical Treatments

Summary: Hypnotherapy is increasingly being recognized as a legitimate medical treatment for a variety of conditions, experts have said. The treatment, which uses guided relaxation and focused attention to achieve a heightened state of awareness, is being used to help patients with conditions ranging from chronic pain to anxiety.

Dr. Mark Smith, a leading hypnotherapist, spoke at the annual conference of the British Society of Hypnotherapists in London this week. He emphasized the growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of hypnotherapy in clinical settings.

“Hypnotherapy can be a powerful tool in managing pain, reducing stress, and improving overall mental health,” Dr. Smith said. “More and more studies are showing that it can complement traditional medical treatments effectively.”

One such study, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology, found that patients who underwent hypnotherapy for chronic pain management reported significant reductions in pain intensity and improvements in their quality of life.

Patients, too, are beginning to see the benefits. Jane Doe, a 45-year-old teacher from Manchester, turned to hypnotherapy after years of struggling with migraines.

“I was skeptical at first, but after a few sessions, I started to notice a real difference,” she said. “The frequency and severity of my migraines have decreased significantly. It’s been life-changing.”

Despite its growing popularity, hypnotherapy still faces skepticism from some in the medical community. Critics argue that more rigorous, large-scale studies are needed to fully understand its potential and limitations.

Dr. Smith agrees that more research is necessary but remains optimistic about the future of hypnotherapy.

“We are only beginning to scratch the surface of what hypnotherapy can achieve,” he said. “With continued research and acceptance, it could become a staple in medical treatment plans across the globe.”

Hypnosis Heals

Harvard Magazine
12-2003
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Hypnosis Heals

Long considered by many the stock in trade of charlatans, hypnosis in fact can relieve the anxieties of patients in the midst of difficult treatment or about to undergo surgery, according to a sizable database of cases. A new study takes those benefits one step further, suggesting that hypnosis can actually speed the healing of damaged tissue.

“The first thing you have to do is get past the myths and misconceptions about clinical hypnosis,” says Carol Ginandes ’69, Ph.D., clinical instructor in psychology in the department of psychiatry and the lead investigator of the study. “It’s not used for entertainment. There are no Svengali-like figures in power-dominant relationships. It’s not a sleep state or something that someone can make you do. It’s a state of heightened, focused attention that we can all shift into very naturally.”

According to Ginandes, an attending psychologist at McLean Hospital, people can reach this hypnotic state by concentrating on just about anything: a sound, a photograph, the feel of your muscles. Hypnotherapists make appropriate hypnotic suggestions to clients in this receptive frame of mind. “We don’t yet understand the mechanisms by which these suggestions are transplanted by the mind into the language of the body,” says Ginandes, “but let’s say someone is a smoker. When he’s in a hypnotic state, I could suggest that perhaps he’s going to find himself craving cigarettes less and less over a period of time. If he’s ready to quit smoking, that suggestion will be planted at a deep level in his mind, like seeds planted beneath the soil rather than scattered over the top, helping him tap into some useful physical and psychological resources.”

Ginandes’s first clinical trial of tissue healing took place several years ago, when she tested whether hypnosis could accelerate the healing of broken bones. Reasoning that many fracture victims would be otherwise healthy people, free of treatments or medications for other conditions, she found 12 patients with nondisplaced fractures, screened them to exclude those with pre-existing conditions that might affect bone healing, and divided those who remained into two groups. All the patients received casts and standard orthopedic care, but six also received a series of hypnotherapy sessions, which included suggestions meant to target and accelerate their particular stage of healing, and audiotapes to take home that reinforced the sessions. When the study’s radiologist—who did not know which patients had received hypnosis—reviewed the X-rays, the hypnotized patients showed more rapid healing. Six weeks after fracture, the hypnosis group had healed to an extent that would normally take eight and a half weeks.

Ginandes’s second study, carried out with Patricia Brooks of the Union Institute and published this year in the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, took 18 women, all of whom were having medically recommended breast reduction surgery (again, a population of otherwise healthy people who had received no other treatment for their condition) and divided them into three groups of six. The first group received eight hypnotherapy sessions, employing a complex array of suggestions that targeted specific aspects of the healing process at different stages, like decreasing inflammation, repairing wounds to soft tissue, and avoiding scar tissue. The second group had an equal number of sessions with a psychologist who gave emotional support but no hypnotic intervention. The third group received only standard postoperative care.

Nurses examined the surgical wounds over seven postoperative weeks, without knowing to which of the groups patients belonged. They judged that the surgical wounds of the group receiving hypnosis healed faster than those receiving only supportive attention, who in turn healed faster than the group with only standard postoperative care. Statistically, the differences were so large that they would have occurred by chance less than once in a thousand cases. A team of doctors who studied digital photographs of the wounds made judgments in the same direction, although not at a statistically significant level.

“This is still just the beginning of the story,” says Ginandes. “The bottom line is that the field of hypnosis is lagging in clinical trials far behind what we know to be true clinically. There’s a lot of anecdotal evidence that mind-body healing is a true phenomenon, but the challenge is to prove it in a scientifically acceptable way.”